How Urban Centers Affect Music Development

How did the rise of urban centers and trade affect the development of music? What where those developments? The Middle Ages spanned from approximately 400 to 1400 A. D. In these times there was a lot going on historically that changed the world as we know it. I am going to write about one of those things that was responsible for altering the way that music had been developed. Mainly about the economic expansion that changed the way that music as a whole was to be defined. With the growth of the population came the progress of certain economy’s.One of these would be in agriculture. Since there was a boom of people inhabiting the areas like Italy and England there was a need to farm more and so this prompted people to come up with better ways to farm. As they boosted the agricultural output the population grew as well. This led the possibilities of the expanding population to be able to pursue other forms of work and other different long distance trading opportunities. This gave more free time to be more creative in the arts. Does this affect the development of music? Yes, it has a huge affect!Instead of music being mostly just a thing of the church it gave the people the time to explore their own interest in music. Individuals got to be more creative and actually were seeking employment in these different subjects. Instead of just being confined to music of the church they would teach music or put on shows. With the economy expanding as it was there was a market for the more wealthy couples to want to go be entertained and see live performances. There was also more experimentation of different kinds of music which sparked things like musicians being more creative about their music making.Music was also regularly being put into written form so that it was available to more and more people. Unlike when music was stuck solely in the church. Music was affected by the explosion of the economy in the middle ages and love of music and expression was available to more and more people. This is still true to this day. Sources: The Middle Ages Dr. Maureen Miller http://chnm. gmu. edu/courses/westernciv/video/miller1. html Medieval Guilds Gary Richardson, University of California, Irvine http://eh. net/encyclopedia//article/richardson. guilds

Behind Mud Walls Paper

Modern India Behind Mud Walls Paper In order to understand India, one needs to understand its villages. Behind Mud Walls does a great job in providing a detailed background of an ordinary village life in India. Since seventy percent of Indians live in villages, it is important to learn about village lifestyle and the changes that take place in it. Only then one can learn about the cities because one needs to understand the relationship between the two in India. Behind Mud Walls provides the opportunity to examine a north Indian village from a non-Indian point of view; in other words, a non-biased point of view.Since the book is broken up into parts by years, it gives the reader a great way to examine the changes that take place in this village; it shows how it was then and how it is now. Karimpur in 1930 was very different from Karimpur in the 80’s and 90’s. Many changes were observed by Wisers and Susan Wadley, who writes the later chapters in the book. These changes w ere social, economic, educational, technological, political and cultural but most significant of these were social, and educational. The social changes with an emphasis on role of women, the slowing down of the Jajmani system and the rise in education will be the focus of this paper.What was Karimpur like in 1930? Women in Karimpur in late 1920s were very traditional. They had a purdah (covering of the face) on at all times and were dependent on males (husbands, father or brothers). They were uneducated and illiterate. They had limited movement outside the house and were usually tied to raising children and doing household work. They worked almost entirely in mud enclosures. Their days were spent largely in menial labor, ensuring that their family could subside on a day-to-day basis. Their days began at dawn, when they gathered water for their family and their daily tasks of cooking, brushing, and cleaning.They ground flour for bread. They milked the family's cow or buffalo. They pr epared the ovens or chulas for the day's cooking. They swept. They collected dung for fuel. They gathered vegetables from the fields. It is safe to say that these women lived entirely behind â€Å"mud walls†. (144). They were also not allowed to go to the fields by themselves to relieve themselves. (46). Moreover, a system called Jajmani was widespread in Karimpur when the Wisers first visited. It was basically a system that bounded upper castes to lower castes in the villages.There was exchange of goods and services between landowning higher castes and landless service castes. The relationship was to be permanent, hereditary and lower castes generally received grains against rendered services. Dhobis (washers), chamars (tanners), faqirs (beggars) dhanuks (midwives), sudras (lower caste), and bhangis (sweepers) were all treated in a degrading manner. (47). The upper caste people, the Brahmins, would not like when the Wisers’ children played with those of bhangis. A tou ch of a bhangi would bring pollution to the upper caste Brahmins since they carry human waste and clean the courtyards.The Brahmins dominated the village. They owned most of the land and also took part in religious rituals due to their priest roots. Therefore, the caste system was a major social structure in Karimpur. Every individual had to stay within their caste boundaries; everyone had a hereditary job to do. Two different castes could not marry and an upper caste could eat or drink anything offered by the lower caste. Even when the Wisers offered peanuts to the children, their parents refused to let them eat. Only food offered by Brahmins would be acceptable for other upper castes.Therefore, caste system played a huge role in the lives of people in Karimpur. Furthermore, education was very low in Karimpur in 1925. Both males and females could barely read or write. As a result, there were no technological developments and therefore, agricultural production was low. Lower educati on rate also meant that people strictly followed the caste system to keep order in the society. Another observation made by the Wisers during their first was that most village houses were made of mud and were called â€Å"kaccha† houses. An interesting relationship noticed by the Wisers was that of newly wed girls and their mother-in-laws.Mother-in-laws would keep an eye on their daughter-in-laws or â€Å"bahus. † These bahus would have to please their mother-in-laws and take care of the household and everyone living in the family or in this case joint-family where brothers and their families live together with their parents under one roof. Therefore, one can see that Karimpur described by the Wisers in 1930 was quite backward and orthodox. The next half of the paper will be focused on the changes that took place over the decades in Karimpur. What were the changes in the second half of the century when Wisers and Susan Wadley visited Karimpur?Firstly, the role of women had changed a little bit. Secondly, education had increased and more and more villagers had B. A. degrees and moved to cities to find work. Thirdly, technological changes had brought enormous agricultural growth in the farms. The rigid caste system had slowed down a little bit and the mutual relationship of Jajmani system had declined as well. Finally, the younger generation was more in touch with the world through cities and education, the lower castes had more access to land ownership and most of the mud houses were transformed into brick houses or â€Å"pakka† houses.The roles of women had started to change in the 60s and later as observed by Susan Wadley. The purdah declined except during ritual occasions. The dress style also changed. Head was less covered. They started to show more head and face unlike before. When women went out in the fields to work still wore long sleeve blouses and had their head covered. The ones who worked in their own courtyards or left their ho use briefly started wearing dhotis which was something shorter than saris and other traditional long sleeve garments that they wore. (193).This was a radical change. It really showed that times had changed and people were becoming a little more open-minded. The younger generation of women was far more educated than their mothers or sisters and also wore baggy pants (Panjabi suits) by 90s. At times they would refuse to help their female figures in preparing and collecting cow dung, calling it â€Å"dirty. † They no longer had to collect water for their families since the introduction of hand pumps in their courtyards. This made their job a lot easier. Women also experienced change in their work.Due to the decline in the jajmani system and male employment in the farms, women no longer worked on the farms. The decline in the jajmani system meant more opportunities for women. Female servants were more acceptable as household servants. The decline in the purdah also helped women s ince now they could get their own water without males, carry their own messages and pick their own flowers from the fields. (289). They also took part in Hindu rituals. At the same time, one can argue that the voice of women in a household declined. Females were excluded from farm work since men had moved to the cities for work.They were replaced by machines and pumps on the fields and farms, and traditionally employed women in caste-based jobs through the jajmani system were no longer employed. Therefore, the changes in the lives of women were both negative and positive although the changes in the levels of education in Karimpur definitely helped women. Education was beneficial to both men and women. Better opportunities for jobs and marriage increased education rates among men and women. Women were expected to be educated to train their future generations. An educated girl was a likely girl for a marriage proposal.In 1984, three schools were set up for both boys and girls. An asto nishing forty nine percent of boys attended school. That is a big percentage for a backward village like Karimpur. (291). Fifty seven percent of girls attended primary schools. (291). All these numbers aside, education was still a luxury not a privilege in Karimpur. It was only accessible to upper castes that had money and the poor could not afford the cost of books and clothes. It is also important to note that it was extremely difficult to pass the sciences in schools without proper tutoring. As a result, the spread and benefit of education remained low.Still, it was a crucial change because it did make life better for some of the people. Many Brahmins obtained B. A. and M. A. degrees and most were literate including women. Increased education for men meant more opportunities in the cities for work which meant more money to provide for families back in village. Those who stayed in villages chose to be intermediates between the Brahmins and the government officials in matters of th e village. Another reason why education was an important change for Karimpur was because it changed caste relationships. Education loosened the bonds of Brahmin dominance.Education brought knowledge and knowledge brought changes in caste relationships. Different lower castes were no longer tied to their jajmans or patrons. They were able to deal with banks, lawyers, doctors and government officials. There was a decline in the traditional jajmani system due to abundance of labor. The farmers no longer needed to maintain their workers when they could hire labor for a cheaper price. Wealthy farmers in the 80s did not need that many laborers. They had machines that took care of their daily work. Hand pumps were a great tool for rich farmers. (285).There were two new tractors in the village. As a result the whole relationship between the jajmans and their servants declined due to abundance of cheap labor and new technology in the farms. The jajmani system no longer provided services, wag e labor was more focused and employment networks were more focused and laborers were in constant demand. (283). Some lower castes were also able to raise their status in the society by changing their caste names. Scheduled or backward castes like the chamars and telis became jatavs and rathors, both subcastes of the Kshatriya. (262).This type of upward mobility shows that progress did take place and this is the type of mobility is portrayed in the sacred Hindu texts like the Vedas. The system of hereditary caste system was never propagated by any texts. Rather, a system based on meritocracy was promoted in ancient Sanskrit texts and it was good to see such changed in a small north Indian village. Thus, one can see many social changes in Karimpur starting in the 60s and lasting till the 90s. Other important changes that took place were the transformation of the kuccha houses into pakka houses. Pakka houses were no longer limited to Brahmins.Even a sweeper had a pakka house. (248). Ec onomic growth enabled people to buy bricks and build these new types of houses. Payments are done in rupees rather than grains due to cash economy. Jajmani system no longer controlled the exchange of goods. Agricultural production was booming due to technological changes and introduction of necessary materials by the government to increase production. Better seeds, more fertilizer and more irrigation were provided by the government. One can credit increased education for more interaction between the villagers and the government officials. 252). Crops other than grains were produced and more number of farmers from all castes planted more crops and vegetables unlike only the Brahmins forty years ago. Green revolution also brought tremendous change in agriculture along with introduction of pumped irrigation water. Family incomes increased for many castes and access to land ownership also increased for middle and lower castes. The dominant Brahmin influence declined over the years but t hey still had a huge presence in the village. Overall, Karimpur in 1920s was different from Karimpur in the second half of the century.The reason why it was different was because of the changes in the roles of women over the years, the decline in the caste and jajmani system, and increased education. These changes were tied to each other and a change in one system brought a change in another. Finally, Karimpur serves as a model for modern India; it shows how a socially orthodox and economically backward place can experience changes at all levels in the society and improve the lives of its people. Works Cited Wiser, Charlotte, William Wiser. Behind Mud Walls. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California, 2000.

Analytical Report on a Marketing Communications Approach Assignment

Analytical Report on a Marketing Communications Approach - Assignment Example The second option seemed more favorable to Samsung because it is most profitable and because of the trend that is presently associated with mobile phones as more people differentiate themselves by the type of mobile phones they use ("Adweek." Adweek. N.p., n.d.) The success of Samsung Galaxy S3 required a well-balanced market mix. Any electronic device requires calculated marketing mix ingredients; otherwise the product might be too good for its value or not good at all (Fill, 2011, pg 23-26). Samsung Galaxy S3 required a good marketing mix for it to attain the anticipated success during the final sale of the product ("Adweek." Adweek. N.P., n.d.) This paper will discuss Samsung Galaxy S3 marketing mix as depicted from the ad and further discuss the implication of the four P’s of Samsung Galaxy S3 marketing mix and show the relations of Samsung’s products marketing mix. The launch of Samsung Galaxy S3 came at the right time when people were waiting for a smart phone tha t could provide more than what other mobile phones were providing, with its functionality surpassing customer expectations. The current Samsung’s image is that it provides reliable phones, however, Samsung Galaxy S3 was initially perceived as a phone like any other. The difficulty faced by customers is that they did not know that Samsung had introduced a phone with Samsung Galaxy S3 capabilities. The main strategy of overcoming the marketing communication barrier was for Samsung to create a stronger image for Samsung Galaxy S3, by creating public awareness, and putting Samsung Galaxy S3 at the top of consumers’ minds in the target group, with the objective being achievable through marketing communication (Laudon & Traver, 2010, pg 45-50). For Samsung to implement this marketing plan in their Samsung Galaxy S3 product, and achieve the objective, Samsung had to place the Samsung Galaxy S3’s price at a mid range of the market, with the gadget’s price being s lightly lower than that of its competitors. This clearly showed that Samsung aimed at selling Galaxy S3 to young people within the market segment. MARKET MIX According to the ad, the new Samsung Galaxy S3 had the following specifications; concerning networks the gadget had the capability of running 3G (HSPDA/CDMA), 4G (LTE/HSPA+) and Edge/2G (GSM/GPRS) using Android operating system version 4.1. The product used TouchWiz user interface and retailed at a price of $99 with contract and $549 without contract (Stuart, www.cim.co.uk). The Samsung’s software featured in Galaxy S3 aimed at impressing users with several great displays, though most of them suffered from poor executions; however, a customer can still skip the complicated part of the software and enjoy the hardware. With the Galaxy S3, Samsung managed to offer top-line performance with the product being more capable than any other phone (Gay & Charlesworth, 2007). With a great phone, a question at hand would have been t he right marketing formula for the Galaxy S3 (Strauss & Frost, 2011, pg 67-70). The marketing formula is like a recipe, that much for A and that much for B and in the end is a combination that tells a success story or a complete failure of a product, the combination constitutes a marketing mix. Prior to developing Galaxy S3, the company needed to consider the quality of the product required, in order to determine

Observation Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Observation Review - Essay Example The decision made by Christopher Bale, who was the chief site engineer at a construction firm, where I have worked can be cited as exemplifying the concept of bounded rationality. The work contains my personal observation and experience regarding the decision making process of the organization. In the case, Mr. Bale had decided to increase the working hours of the construction workers to two hours in the morning shift. The normal routine shift usually started from 8 a.m. in the morning and continued till 5pm in the evening. The company had entered into a deal according to which it had to construct a multistoried building. Initially the contract was to be completed in a two years time. But later the contract had to be renewed and its duration was lessened by six months. This put pressure on the executives to complete the work fast. Therefore, the chief site engineer, Mr. Bale, decided to increase the working hours and, correspondingly, compensation of the employees. The decision was n ot favored by the employees as they felt their opinion was not considered. Secondly, a few of the employees who were more than 50 year old felt that it would affect their health if they were made to work beyond the routine hours. Assessment of the Example Using Simon’s Bounded Rationality Theory In the example mentioned above, Bale thought it would be feasible for the company to increase the working hours of the site workers so as to complete the work on time. This is a clear example of bounded rationality as the site engineer had taken the decision after examining the available choices only. He did not have knowledge about the resentment, if any, that would be prevailing among the workers due to the increase in the number of work hours. He was also unaware of the health conditions of the senior employees. The decision taken by Bale can be considered to be an example of decision making based on normative affective factors (Etzioni, 1988). It is more of a normative model becau se Bale made the decision assuming he had all the necessary information needed to make the choice. Thus it was more of a descriptive form of decision making instead of a prescriptive form (Holloway, 2003). This descriptive form of making decisions was termed as bounded rationality by Simon. Simon theorized that human beings often settle for solutions that are mostly satisfying in nature, which means that such solutions, though they are sufficient to cope with the situation, are not the best solutions (Turban, 2008). There are many factors that can affect a decision. These can be psychological, sociological, political, risk avoidance motives, etc. These can influence the choice of the decision made considerably. In the context of the case, it can be understood that the company executives were put under tremendous strain to complete the construction work six months ahead of the contracted time initially stipulated. They had to come up with a solution so as to complete the work fast as their commitment and their reputation were at stake. In such a situation it is possible that when the decisions were made, not all the crucial factors were considered. Two such factors were the workers’ opinions on the decision to increase work hours and the health condition of some workers. The chief site engineer had suggested the idea to

Why Projcts Fail in Airbus-A380 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Why Projcts Fail in Airbus-A380 - Essay Example However, these constraints can also be properly addressed through the right management process. The work at hand tries to elaborate this point. However, crucial to this analysis is the inclusion of important aspects or components of the modern management theory. The modern management theory has a significant link to the actual explanation of the failure associated with the Airbus A380 project. For this reason, the work at hand also includes the common approaches involved in the modern management approaches. However, more than this, the factors in modern management theory is necessary for inclusion because the entire discussion pertains more to the actual factors involved in the failure of Airbus A380 project. Airbus A380 project is a highly technical project, but its nature has nothing to do with the prevailing thought regarding the right implementation of the factors involved in the modern management theory. For this reason, the work at hand has significantly included the remarkable thought concerning on how planning, coordination, organising, command or communication and control should be critically considered in the case. This is the rationale of the work at hand and in order to implement this, the actual problems faced by Airbus A380 project prior to its failure were critically discussed. The actual strength of the analysis lies on the point that the work at hand has remarkably consulted various reliable academic articles as the bases of the argument. However, the limitation lies on the fact that there are only few studies trying to reflect on the kind of problems or failure that Airbus A380 project faced. For this reason, another substantial feature of the discussion reflects on the ability of the proponent to intuitively relate the prevailing concepts linked to the modern management theory and the case of Airbus A380 project failure. Moreover, the main argument in the paper lies on the point that

The development of education in Qatar throughout the last 10 years Term Paper

The development of education in Qatar throughout the last 10 years - Term Paper Example It must be realized that for the economy to flourish, these private sector companies must also be majorly occupied by the national residents of Qatar. It is argued that the previous educational system of Qatar, although well-structured and developed, did not produce competent enough individuals that can rise to the challenge and be the driving force for such private industries. With so much conflict in the Middle East, it is educational to see how countries like Qatar have managed to cope with the challenge of development amidst these adversities. The leadership in the Arabian Gulf nation of Qatar played a big contribution in giving focus to the educational department believing that it is the key to their economic and social progress (Brewer et al., 2007). It has been observed that in the past their educational system has not produced very good outcomes and their approach was very rigid, outdated and even obsolete to try and compete for world-class quality of education. It was believed that their education must also be on a par with their initiatives for social and economic changes that will catapult them into global competency. During the past years, the Qatar education has taken major reforms in order to augment their outdated system. With the modernization of society and the emergence of the expanding role of women, they have focused on giving larger roles and involvement to them, which was traditionally and historically avoided. They have also opened and developed satellite universities involving top educational institutions with high repute in the world-class quality of education. But a country like Qatar is very traditionalist and it is important to observe how they managed to implement drastic and decisive changes to their traditionally rigid form of doing things. Qatar has a unique status in the world’s economy because of its vast energy resources and

Engineering, and Construction of PBS &J Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 35

Engineering, and Construction of PBS &J - Essay Example PBS &J is a company owned by employees, and it provides engineering services, infrastructure planning, construction management architecture and environmental science. Moreover, the company does provide management services to both private and public clients. The company is rated to be among the best businesses in the world that provide consulting services. PBSJ employs Oracle E-business suite projects, mechanisms to carry out its activities in an organized manner. In the construction companies, project managers use interface applications for it provide quick and easy customer access. In addition, one can easily get the needed files for the project, budget, resources as well as forecast management. Updating of the progress and project reporting are also some of the activities conducted by the user interface applications. In engineering and construction companies, project managers to employ the UL-Apps to create and maintain the contracts and all other indirect projects. Managing transaction controls as well as defining and controlling budgets are some of the primary uses of interface applications in the engineering and construction company. In addition, project creation, and maintenance is quick and simple by use of UL-Apps.  

Nutrition1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nutrition1 - Essay Example The esophagus is a tube made of strong muscles that connect the mouth and the stomach. The bolus goes down to the stomach through it using peristaltic waves. The esophageal sphincter at its lower end makes the food stay in the stomach (Brown, 2011). In the stomach, the chewed food is stored for a while to allow the body to digest it properly. The food is mixed with the gastric acid that contains hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride. The hydrochloric acid destroys any bacteria that may have been ingested together with the food. Gastrin is the hormone that arouses the G cells to produce the gastric acid. The acid then stimulates the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin that digests proteins. So as to avoid the corrosion of the stomach, there is a lining of mucus around it. As the food continues being mixed to form a thick liquid called chyme, the enzyme gastric lipase starts the chemical breakdown of fat globules in the food though not completely. The glycoprotein known as intrinsic factor is produced by the parietal cells to help in the absorption of vitamin B12. Food components that are in their simplest form like glucose are absorbed in the stomach. The peristaltic movements of the stomach then push the food down to the small i ntestines. The food is blocked from re-entering the stomach by the pyloric sphincter (Brown, 2011). The small intestines are the lower part of the alimentary canal where most of nutrient absorption takes place. The duodenum makes the initial phase of the small intestines where the acidic chime is made alkaline through the action of bile from the gall bladder; bicarbonates form the Brunner’s glands and the bicarbonates from the pancreas. Bile that is produced by the liver is stored in the gall bladder. The enzyme pancreatic lipase further breaks down the fat molecules called chylomicrons. The pancreatic juice also digests carbohydrates to glucose and proteins to amino acids. The lining of the stomach has many

Does Religion Cause War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Does Religion Cause War - Essay Example Religion is a sensitive issue because it is a matter of the heart to many people, (Burleigh 111-120). It arouses intense emotions. In many part of the world, religion is incorporated into people’s culture, (Gieling 190-201). If a religion causes war, it must be viewed in terms of what religion means to those who are passionate about it, (Burleigh 111). In other words, religion affects many things about people and becomes part and parcel of the personal life of those people. In that sense, people are bound to defend religion as part of their heritage, culture and essence of existence. Religion has proved to be stronger than life itself, (Gieling 190-201). People are willing to die for religious reasons. The fact is most religions come with a promise of greater and better life than life on earth. This is something that people are strongly attached to, (Burleigh 111-120). The attachment to deity makes life on earth seem to be of little or no significance. According to the religio us, this can seem to justify war to take care of these religious interests. Simply put, people can rise up to fight in the name of religion. Loyalty to a being higher than a human can cause people to go to the extremes, (Pearse 147). This has been proved over time. People feel that the reward they want from the unseen deity is more beneficial than respecting the rights of their fellow brothers and sisters. Sometimes the zeal tends to go overboard. For every act of adversity meted to fellow humans through a conflict of a religious nature, people feel there is a reward for it, (Gieling 190-201). This reward does not have to be physical. Religion and War are not strange bed fellows. In fact, they have gone together for a long time. Some of the reasons why people go to war in the name of religion include; spreading their faith. It has been argued that involving God in a war does not necessarily make it holy. One thing is clear, whether war is being done to spread faith or not, it is bou nd to have casualties. The results are always devastating. It has also been said that people fight with an aim of recovering consecrated places, (Pearse 147). These are places referred to as alters which could be profaned and polluted by a group that does not understand the proper use of such places. Such a belief causes the religious to feel duty bound to act on behalf of their god. In the process of recovery of such places, resistance arises, and that can become a beginning of a chain of wars. This includes war to avenge for acts of killings or past time cruelties which were done with a religious intention. Some Christians, Muslims or other groups feel that they may also want to recover countries that were once controlled by their faith. Many countries especially in Middle East and Asia have gone to the extent of incorporating their religion into their constitutions, (Gieling 190-201). This means that religion became part of the culture of those countries. A violation of faith in such a setting is viewed as blasphemy. In such cases, it becomes hard for people with other religious affiliations to exercise their religious freedom. In a large or small way, religion in such a context becomes a source of conflict. The paradox of religion is that it was meant to instill freedom and peace into a world full of conflict, (Cavanaugh 51-62). However, more often than not, religion tends to bring chaos. We have had long and protracted conflicts in the Middle East, (Burleigh 111-120). All because of religious reasons, we have had militias formed to defend certain religious convictions in remote societies. To a certain extent, there

Research Proposal With Credible Sources Included 6 different subjects Essay

Research Proposal With Credible Sources Included 6 different subjects - Essay Example soned On Their First Offense† at customwritingtips.com http://customwritingtips.com/component/k2/item/14745-drunk-drivers-should-be-imprisoned-on-their-first-offense.html â€Å"Drivers Convicted of Drunk Driving Should Be Imprisoned on their First Offense† at scribd.com http://www.scribd.com/doc/142448055/Drivers-convicted-of-drunk-driving-should-be-imprisoned-on-their-first-offense The neglected art of letter writing should be enkindled because; unlike emails, letters are pieces of memory and not just messages; letters express the feelings, emotions and personality of the writer and it’s a wonderful way to reflect and connect. Workers in essential services (police force and military for instance) should be permitted to strike by virtue of need for collective voice to enable balance of power between them and their employers, in case they are made to perform unethical tasks in the guise of humanization, also the right to strike is a constitutional right for every employee. â€Å"The Right to Strike: Essential Services and Minimum Service Agreements† at werksmans.com http://www.werksmans.com/legal-briefs-view/the-right-to-strike-essential-services-and-minimum-service-agreements/ â€Å"2000+ Reasons Why GMOs Are Safe to Eat and Environmentally Sustainable† at forbes.com

Employee Training and Management Essay Example for Free

Employee Training and Management Essay It is healthy for the operation of the business to have, although not that frequent, an evaluation of our co-employee/s for the betterment of the organization as a whole. With this, the company could attain its goals with fewer hindrances and achieve impressive growth in a shorter period of time. This paper aims to have a Coaching and Performance Improvement Analysis to my CEO, to whom I work as a secretary, in order to provide us with facts on how our CEO influence his subordinates as well as on the manner he fulfill his duties in the company. I have been a secretary to the CEO in our company for about ten years and I think that span of staying here is enough for me to give criticism or opinion regarding the professionalism of my bosses with regards to performing his duties and responsibilities. The current CEO of the company has been in his position for about 6 months. Since he is the one responsible for almost all of the operational details of the company, it is a must for us to know how competitive he is. The future of the company depends on him and any incompetence could lead to any losses not only to the company but as well as to the employees. During the recent months, the company has been experiencing down turns in the sales and profits. Even if the various units of the company are doing their job well, still, our target market continuous declines every single day. After conducting the investigation, the company officials found out that the problem boils down to the office of the CEO. The specific problem would be the CEO of the company took a couple of time planning for the instructions that must be given to the various units of the company as well as forwarding them to the vice-presidents of various units. Basically, the officers of the various units know the problem exists that is why they conducted an investigation to pin point the root of the problem. They also know the performance expectation that a CEO must fulfill in order to lead such complex company that covers wide operational services. This action caused delays in the daily operation of the business, thus, made the customers disappointed with the current performance of the company which before leads the market with providing delivery services to most of the cities in America. There are no hindrances outside the organization/team’s control that affects the performance of the CEO. Coaching Analysis Flow Chart This flow chart is being used as a strategic tool used to find out if we have to proceed in the performance improvement process and to identify the extent to which we can proceed in the performance improvement process. This is being used mainly to assist in the performance improvement process (Brocato). I believe that the problem is worth solving at since it already concerns the future of the business with regards to its performance to the market. The CEO of any company is the one that is responsible for the delicate operations aspects of the business and the source of most of the decisions that should be done by various units in order to achieve their goals and growth to have market stability. If this problem would not be solve, there will come a time wherein customers would no longer avail the services of the company, thus, could cause much more problem to the company. The competition now a day in the industry of delivery services is very tight due to the profitability in this type of business. Companies such as UPS and DHL are just a few of the threats to the company that needed much attention. With this, there is no room for any errors or incompetence on the part of any members of the company. Stockholder of the company could pull out their shares due to the risks involving the stability of the organization. It is much better it this problem would be treated right away so as to avoid any further complications and losses. The postponement in the imposition of the CEO with the specific plans per unit of the business cause delays in the operational process of the organization as a whole, specifically, the plan for the imposition of new delivery strategies to compete with the emerging delivery companies in the market. As based from the behavior of the market for the past years, they tend to easily shift their loyalty to those companies that can offer services that conform to their needs and type of living (Killoran). In short, innovative products’ are the one that gains market acceptance. Therefore, it is a must for the company to be on time with the delicate operational aspects of the organization so as not to be over shadowed by other companies belonging to the same industry. Every step in the operational process is important and requires constant observation on the part of the CEO so as to have a basis in conducting plans and strategies for the company. Therefore, it is a must to have a competitive and efficient CEO for the company to achieve their goals and stability in the market. The CEO fails to make new strategy regarding the imposition of an innovative delivery strategy that would attract more customers. The only reason that I can see here for the incompetence of the new CEO is his lack of experience. Six months in the position would not be enough for him to familiarize himself with the regular operations of the business and on what is the market trend in the economy. The CEO of the company also did become extra confident with the market status of the company during the years before his assume the position of being the CEO. Because of this, he was not able to maintain the stability of the company and only cause chaos in the financial as well as to the sales of the company. Stockholders panicked because of the undertakings of the CEO as well as his performance with regards to performing its functions well. We can now see the effect of having an incompetent person handling a very delicate position of in an organization. The stake of the stockholders, employees and the clients that put their trust to the company for many years is in danger. With regards to the job structure of the organization, I believe that his roles and involvement to various aspects of operations has contributed to his inefficiency as the top manager of the organization. I believe that he is not yet ready to shoulder many responsibilities and must delegate some task to middle and lower level managers. His role as the main icon of the organization requires him to appear in public to represent the whole organization could also be a contributing factor for him not to finish his responsibilities well. During the recent months, he had to travel to some places in America to generate additional stockholder to finance the plan of expanding the company into some states in America. With this, he spends less time in his office while the employees of the organization wait for the next step that they will do. This is one of the disadvantages of an organization that relies most on their CEO; they lack initiatives to make suggestions for their respective areas of concern so as to lessen the responsibility of their top manager. Moreover, having initiative to plan for the welfare of the middle managers area of concern helps they develop their abilities since they have to use their creativity in making strategies and decisions. If they only follow the command of the CEO and not suggesting other strategies with which they think more beneficial than with the plan of the CEO, then, the organization would really become stagnant and can be considered as a â€Å"one-man-team† organization. As for the managerial behavior, the CEO of the organization lacks the ability to encourage his subordinates to use their creativity to make plans regarding some small aspects of the operation of the business. With this, the responsibility of the CEO would be lessened and can now concentrate to more delicate aspects of the operation of the organization. On the subject of the personality of the CEO towards the fulfillment of his responsibilities, I think, this overconfidence regarding the organization has leaded the company to this problematic situation. Because of this personality of the CEO, his concentration towards the attainment of the organizational goal is not that enough for the customers avail our services. Regarding the question on whether the proposed solution of delegating some responsibilities to lower and middle level managers, I think that it would only costs less time and money since the implementation of this strategy will only affect a small part of the time of those managers. Besides, they are the one must know what is happening in their area of concern, thus, they have most of the information as compared to the CEO of the company. With this solution, the problem can be addressed and would only take a few weeks to experience the positive effects to the company. Proposed Solution For the CEO to have enough time to concentrate to those more delicate aspects of the organization, he should pass some of the planning responsibility to the various units of the company (Jackson). For instance, the problem regarding the marketing strategy of the organization, the CEO could assign the vice president to marketing of the company to deals the said problem since the said person has more knowledge with regards to conducting market analysis and has more experience regarding capturing the tastes of their target customers. This solution need not to conduct any trainings or could cause much costs to the company since this solution only delegates the tasks that is intended to each units of the organization. This solution would also develop the sense of creativity of the middle and lower level managers since they have to think unique strategy and plans so as to gain large share of market in the industry. This will also help them boost their morale since they will start to feel that they are important in the organization and has a part in attaining their goals and targets in the whole operational process.

Phoenician Society: Seafaring and Maritime Knowledge

Phoenician Society: Seafaring and Maritime Knowledge Discuss the role of seafaring and maritime knowledge within Phoenician society and its expansion. Introduction As a people the Phoenicians endured for some three thousand years and were already flourishing by 3,000 B.C. but it was not until about 1100 B.C., with the demise of the existing dominant peoples in the area, that the Phoenicians came to the fore as a significant force. From this time, until around 600 B.C., they dominated the Mediterranean by trading and establishing colonies one of the most important being Carthage. The success of their culture seems mainly to have been due to the proximity of the Mediterranean that encouraged dependence on seafaring and trade. Indeed, as Holst[1] indicates, international trade formed part of the guiding principles on which the Phoenician civilization was founded that also included a commitment to resilient partnerships, peaceful settlement of disputes, equality, privacy, religious freedom and respect of women. Although the majority of Phoenician trade was initially land based, a significant amount began to take place by sea[2] testified by the we alth of Tyre that, along with Byblos, Sidon, Arados and Simyra, were the main home-based Phoenician sea ports. Initially, Phoenician sea trade was mainly with the Greeks involving glass, slaves and Tyrian purple dye made from a sea shell called Murex and textiles coloured with such dyes formed one of the main Phoenician exports. Most of the major Mediterranean countries were involved in trade with the Phoenicians that included such commodities as cotton, timber, wool, precious stones, embroidery, wine, corn and various other foodstuff including spices whereas countries as far away as Spain traded metals such as tin, iron and lead.[3] The Importance of Trade Trade and colonisation originally centred on bartering indigenous timber as well as fishing skills, the latter of which is thought to have provided the competence for later seafaring abilities.[4] The far reaching sea trade of the Phoenicians took two forms – with existing Phoenician colonies and countries in navigable reach. The colonies provided a means by which the home country could be assured of supplies of goods deemed essential. In this respect, Cyprus became a colony to ensure the supply of wood and copper, Sardinia and Spain for useful metals. In return for such goods, Phoenicia supplied such finished items as cotton and linen, pottery, ornaments, weapons, and glass. It was not, however, just with the Mediterranean that trade occurred but also with the Propontis and ports within the Black Sea.[5] The dominance of Phoenicians in seafaring has not gone without criticism however as early reports of such supremacy in Homer’s Odyssey, and also by Herodotus, has been viewed by some modern commentators as erroneous.[6] The extent of Phoenician preeminence in this respect seems to have been settled by Bass’s underwater excavations of the Cape Gelidonya wreck that highlights the extent of Phoenician trade.[7] The archaeological evidence from this excavation seems therefore to support the dominance of Phoenician seafaring from 1200 B.C. onwards. The recent discovery of two exceptionally large Phoenician merchant ships adds further substance to this view.[8] It is probable that the Phoenician maritime empire was preceded by trade with various outposts throughout the Mediterranean or otherwise began as safe anchorage points along the coast.[9] It was only later that these places became colonies set up to protect Phoenician interests that required ships of war which, unlike merchant vessels were employed all year round,[10] to protect both colonies and trade routes. The Phoenician character of many of these ports was lost due to the rise and dominance of other powers such as the Greeks and Romans that has masked the extent of Phoenician influence. Importantly, trade by sea was linked to specialist product areas that otherwise would not have come together that allowed the Phoenicians to establish a rate of exchange to their advantage.[11] Transportation of various metals available in the western Mediterranean by sea, such as Spanish silver, thus allowed the Phoenicians to link the demand in the east, from countries like Assyria etc., to the raw material centres of the west. The Phoenicians also took advantage of turning the raw materials transported from the west into quality refined goods to be later exported. These products, because they tended to be more refined and better quality than what most other countries could supply, were therefore much sought after and such goods have been found in western ports such as Carthage.[12] Moreover, the direct sea route through the Mediterranean provided the best means of direct and efficient transport of materials and products and the extent of this trade along the Mediterranean is confirmed by the fact that Phoenician coins came to be manufactured in Tyre from the fifth century B.C. onwards.[13] The Extent of Phoenician Trade Links It is thought that the growth in Assyrian power and pressure on the coastal cities first led the Phoenicians to turn to seafaring.[14] In this respect, Assyrian power is thought to have blocked access to resources to the east to the extent that the Phoenicians were obliged to turn west towards the Mediterranean for raw materials.[15] Others, however, contend that it was the growth in Assyrian wealth and power that stimulated Phoenician interest in Mediterranean seafaring because of the increased demands for products.[16] This could have likewise been hastened by the economic growth and increased demand of Tyre and other Phoenician ports for raw materials. It is likely, however, that rather than one factor there was a set of interrelated events involving political, historical, economic criteria that led to the Pheonician exploitation of the Mediterranean. Indeed, Tyre and associated ports were ideally situated to act as a conduit through which the products and resources of the Mediter ranean and countries to the east could be exchanged.[17] Moreover, a massive investment in time and resources would have been required to mount expeditions throughout the Mediterranean by sea that suggests Tyre was economically and politically secure. The exploits of the Phoenicians in the Mediterranean should not be viewed as exploration as most of the main sea routes had been charted during the Bronze Age. Rather the Phoenicians were able to use and improve their maritime skills to become the dominant force in the Mediterranean for six hundred years. Yet, there are reports that they ventured much further afield which suggest exploration was part of a general outlook. For example, Herodotus reports that they sailed down the Red Sea to circumnavigate Africa returning via the Straits of Gibraltar.[18] Some even propose that they may have voyaged as far as southern Britain to acquire Cornish tin but this was probably based on indirect rather than direct trade.[19] In this respect, reports of a tin ingot discovered in a Cornish harbour similar to those of ancient Crete remain controversial.[20] The Veneti of Brittany may also have actually been Phoenicians who controlled the trade route to Britain and were thought to be adept seafare rs. The control of trade routes seems to have been a characteristic of Phoenician dominance in that this allowed more exclusive access to resources around and outside the Mediterranean that helped to reinforce Phoenician power. The interest in regions outside the Mediterranean is supported by the notion that some coastal ports such as the present Portuguese port known as Peniche is claimed to derive from the Greek for Phoenicia.[21] Moreover, there are many Phoenician remains to be found along the Portuguese coast.[22] Such exploits beyond the Mediterranean may have partially been encouraged by the fact that the Greeks had prevented Carthage from gaining access to the home ports.[23] Indeed, it may have been the rise in Greek power that led to Carthage becoming such an important city port for the Phoenicians in the central Mediterranean and could have been a factor leading, in the 8th century B.C., to Carthage succeeding Tyre as the main Phoenician city. There is also some evidence that the Phoenicians may have even reached some of the Atlantic islands such as the Azores and Canaries.[24] Ultimately, it was the rise in Greek power in the east, the barrier of the Atlantic in the west and the rise of Rome that bought an end to Phoenician power.[25] In sum, the Phoenician influence along the Mediterranean coastline appears to be both a consequence of great initiative and impressive seafaring skills that was instigated by the promise of trade and pressures from the rise in other Mediterranean powers to the east. Types of Boats The initial attempts in seafaring by Phoenicians are thought to have been quite crude based on travel between islands by means of rafts followed by more sophisticated but still crude sailing vessels inspired by the need to fish.[26] The first boats seemed to have consisted of a keel, a rounded hull and a raised platform for the steersman with the oars intersecting the bulwark.[27] This formed a template for a subsequent craft where four upright rowers operated curved oars in a boat that lacked a rudder with a mast held aloft by two ropes secured at the front and rear of the vessel. The mast, however, seems not to have been used for a sail, but to support a viewing structure from which an archer or other attacker was able to launch missiles. From this, a larger vessel evolved with a low bow and raised stern with a rudder with a pointed prow and oars on each side of about fifteen to twenty in number that the Greeks referred to as triaconters and penteconters that are represented on coi ns but were shown without a mast so must have been a type of refined rowing boat. Around 700 B.C. further advances occurred in ship construction in that, instead of being situated on one level, rowers were now placed on two levels thus doubling the number of oarsmen. These vessels were known as â€Å"biremes† by the Greeks and incorporated two steering oars issuing from the stern some with a mast and yardarm to support a sail that came in two forms one designed for war, the â€Å"long ship†, and another, with a more rounded prow used for the purpose of trade.[28] Inspired by the Greek example, the Phoenicians also went on to develop their own version of the trireme with three levels of rowers.[29] The size of these vessels can be gauged by the fact that the top level consisted of 31 rowers.[30] The Phoenicians have also been credited with inventing both the keel and ram as well as the caulking of planks with bitumen though some believe that the ram or beaked prow is said to have been adopted by the Phoenicians from the Mycenaeans It was the use of an adjustable sail, more oarsmen and a double steering oar that led to increased speed and manoeuvrability allowing the furthest points of the Mediterranean to be reached and it was the round-shaped merchant ships called â€Å"gaulos† that was mainly relied on in this respect.[31] Such innovations to ship construction illustrate the commitment of the Phoenicians to seafaring and their seafaring skills were so renowned throughout the ancient world that Phoenician ships and sailors were often co-opted into foreign war fleets.[32] Navigation The Phoenicians are thought to have invented the art of navigation. They used oars when there was little or no wind and large square sails at other times. Although they obviously practiced coastal navigation, the distribution of ports indicates that more long distance open sea voyages were also undertaken.[33] The fact that the Phoenicians had important centres at Sardinia, Sicily and Ibiza suggests that they often sailed the high seas. This would have involved extended periods at sea essential for the effective transportation of goods. They would probably, however, have employed short coastal journeys to travel from one port to the next but relied on deep sea navigation for longer voyages[34] and in places like the Aegean, with the many islands and dangerous currents, oars would have been used rather than sails. It is thought that the Phoenicians were also able to sail at night and used the Pole star and knowledge of astronomy for navigation. This knowledge along with the fact that , given favourable viewing conditions, land is nearly always visible anywhere in the Mediterranean -allowed the Phoenicians to use their seafaring skills to good effect. Conclusion The Phoenicians obviously depended on seafaring skills in order to extend trade links and their influence throughout the Mediterranean and beyond. This seems to have gone hand in hand with a need to develop more sea worthy vessels and navigational abilities to venture further into the open seas. Evidence from historical documents, such as found in Herodotus and others, indicate the extent of Phoenician maritime skills that evolved in tandem with the foundation of ever distant colonies and trading outposts. These skills seem to have been further encouraged by the advantages that came from the home ports being located where raw material from the west, which were in demand by countries in the Levant, could be traded for finished products. The Phoenicians were able to exploit this further by producing high quality manufactured goods that were exported to all areas thus increasing their economic power and wealth that allowed more sophisticated ships to be built for longer voyages. This te ndency is reflected in the progressive growth in Phoenician influence and colonisation from east to west from about 12,000 B.C. onwards. Trade went first, however, with colonisation following when the opportunity arose. Ultimately, however, Phoenician influence may have declined in the Mediterranean due to an over-reliance on seafaring that was unable to compete with more land based powers. In other words, their greatest strength eventually became their greatest weakness. Bibliography Aubert, M. E. (2001) The Phoenicians and the West – Politics, Colonies and Trade. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Boardman, J. Edwards, I. E. S., Hammond N. G. L. (1991) ‘Preface’ in, The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Basch, L. (1969) Phoenician Oared Ships. The Mariner’s Mirror. 55, pp. 139-162. Barnett, R.D. (1958) Early Shipping in the Near East. Antiquity 32 (128): pp. 220-230. Bass, G. F. (1972) A History of Seafaring based on Under-water Archaeology. Walker Company: London. Boucher-Colozier, E. 1953. Cahiers de Byrsa III, 11. Casson, L. (1971) Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton University Press: Princeton. Culican, W. (1991) ‘Phoenicia and Phoenician colonization.’ In The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries. B.C. J. Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L Hammond, editors. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge) pp. 461-545. de Sà ©lincourt, A. (1959) The Histories (Herodotus). Penguin: Harmonsworth. Diodorus Siculus. (1935) Library of History. C. H. Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA. Frankenstein, S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West: a function of Neo-Assyrian imperialism. In, Power and Propoganda. A Symposium on Ancient Empires. M. T. Larsen, editor. (Akademisk Forlag: Copenhagen) pp. 263-294. Guthrie, J. 1970. Bizzare Ships of the Nineteenth Century. Hutchinson: London. Grayson, A. K. (1991) Boardman, J. Edwards, I. E. S., Hammond N. G. L. (1991) ‘Assyrian Civilization’. In The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C. J. Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L Hammond, editors. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. pp. 194-228. Greenberg, M. (1997) Ezekiel 21-37: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Bible, Vol 22A. Doubleday: New York. Harden, D. (1948) The Phoenician on the West Coast of Africa. Antiquity. 22: p. 147. Harden, D. (1962) The Phoenicians. Thames and Hudson: London. Harrison, R. J. (1988) Spain at the Dawn of History: Iberian, Phoenicians and Greeks. Thames and Hudson: London. Hencken, O’Neil. H. (1932) The Archaeology of Cornwall and Scilly. Methuen: London. Hill, G. F. (1910) Greek Coins of Phoenicia. British Museum. Holst, S. (2005) Phoenicians: Lebanon’s Epic Heritage. Cambridge and Boston Press: Los Angeles. Moscati, S. and Grassi, P. (2001) The Phoenicians. I.B. Tauris: London. Perrot G. and Chipiez, C. (1893) Histoire de lArt dans lAntiquità ©. Hachette: Paris. Rawlinson, G. (2004) History of Phoenicia. Kessinger:Montana Tilley, A. (2004) Seafaring on the Ancient Mediterranean. BAR International Series. 1268. Archaeopress/J. and E. Hedges: Oxford. 1 Footnotes [1] Holst, 2005 [2] See, for example, Judgement of Ezekiel 26-1– â€Å"Judgement on Tyre† in Greenberg, 1997 [3] Perrot and Chipiez, 1893 [4] Culican, 1991 [5] Tilley 2004 p. 76 [6] Tilley, 2004; p. 77 [7] Bass, 1972 [8] Tilley, 2004; p. 78 [9] Harden, 1962; p. 158. [10] Moscati and Grassi, 2001; p.85. [11] Harrison 1988; p. 42 [12] See, for example, Boucher-Colozier, 1953 [13] Hill, 1910 [14] Frankenstein, 1979 [15] Aubert, 2001; p. 70 [16] Culican 1991; p. 486 [17] Harrison, 1988 [18] see de Sà ©lincourt, 1959 [19] Harden, 1962; p. 171 [20] Hencken, 1932. [21] Guthrie, 1970; p. 103 [22] Tilley, 2004; p. 80 [23] Harden, 1962; p.171 [24] See, for example, Diodorus Siculus 1935 v. 20; Harden, 1948 [25] Boardman et al. 1991; p. xvi. [26] Rawlinson,; 2004 p. 122. [27] Ibid. [28] Perrot and Chipiez, 1893; p. 34 [29] Basch, 1969 [30] Casson, 1971 p. 95 [31] Barnett, 1958 [32] Grayson,1991; p. 220 [33] Aubert, 2001; p. 167 [34] Moscati and Grassi (2001); p. 84

Learning a second language

Learning a second language 1 Can learning an L2 cause L1 attrition? Attrition is the non-pathological, not age-related loss of a language. Speakers learning a second language often experience a change in the way they process their native language, a process called L1 attrition. L1 attrition often occurs in migrant individuals, since they immerse themselves fully into another language. It is expected that, as someone learns an L2 in an immersion environment, some crosslinguistic interference might happen. This interference can happen in both directions: just as the L2 is influenced by the L1, the L1 can assimilate to the L2. The present paper discusses the possibility of L1 phonetic attrition caused by the acquiring of an L2. Phonetic attrition is the loss of phonetic segments and/or suprasegmental features and/or the adaptation to other phonetic units. This paper will discuss how phonetic attrition can affect the production of sounds and suprasegmental features, specifically peak alignment. It will also discuss how phonetic attrition can happen in be ginner learners in classroom settings as well as the more expected case of complete language immersion. Mennen (2004) pursued the question of whether Dutch non-native speakers of Greek are able to produce cross-linguistic differences in the timing of peak alignments in both their languages. He conducted two experiments to answer his question. The first experiment tested whether experiences L2 speakers (Dutch non-native speakers of Greek) can produce accurate f0 timing in their L2 (Greek). A further aim of this study was to see whether an influence from the L1 (Dutch) can be observed in the L2. The participants were divided into three groups: five native Dutch speakers (D), five native Greek speakers (G), and five non-native (Dutch) speakers of Greek (DG). All participants in the LG group were late bilinguals with experience in their L2 ranging from 12 to 35 years, used their L2 regularly, and were college educated. The materials used in the first experiment were 20 declaratives in Greek and 40 declaratives in Dutch (further divided into 20 declaratives containing short vowels and 20 declaratives containing long vowels). The participants were asked to read the test sentences twice in a random order. Group D read two sets of sentences in Dutch (declaratives containing short and long vowels), awhile groups G and DG only read the set of sentences in Greek. The readings were recorded and their peak alignment onset measured. The speakers were asked to repeat any mispronounced sentences. When comparing group DG’s alignment data to that of groups G, the results showed clear differences in their peak alignment times. Four out of the five L2 learners aligned their peaks earlier than native Greek speakers. When compared to group’s D data, the peaks alignments were closer in time but still not native-like. This result showed that L2 speakers could not reach a native-like production of peak alignments in their L2, Greek. At the same time, this shows cross-linguistic influence from the L1 into the L2. The second experiment was conducted to investigate if Dutch non-native speakers of Greek were able to maintain correct peak alignment times in their L1. The materials and procedure were the same as in experiment 1, as for the participants, only groups D and DG were required for this experiment. The results from this second experiment showed a difference in peak alignment times in both sets of sentences in Dutch for both groups; this difference however was smaller in the DG group, and therefore non-native like. From both these experiments, Mennen concluded that Dutch on-native speakers of Greek fail to produce native-like peak alignments in their L1 and L2, which can be interpreted as L1 phonetic attrition. In 2012, Chang conducted an experiment with the goal of examining the extent to which the L1 can change during L2 learning in beginner L2 learners, and also if the L1 would be affected within the first weeks of acquisition. For this experiment, two groups of participants were recruited: an L2 learner group, consisting of 36 adult nave speakers of American English learning Korean and a control group consisting of nine native Korean speakers. The L2ers group lived in a South Korean university campus and were starting an intensive six week course of introductory Korean (the equivalent of a semester of college-level Korean classes) The participants had no significant previous exposure to Korean and although they were living in Korea, their interactions were limited to other L2 learners. The materials in this experiment consisted of 22 Korean and 23 English monosyllabic items. There were 15 critical items beginning with plosives. The participants were asked to read the monosyllables and their VOT for the critical items was recorded. The results from this experiment showed that by week five, phonetic attrition of the learners’ English in approximation to Korean. That is to say, the VOT of the learnersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ English plosives stopped being native-like and drifted into being more like the Korean stops they had been learning. The learners’ production of English voiceless stops and Korean aspirated stops lengthened in VOT in a manner that suggests they were coordinated. From this experiment, Chang concluded that phonemic attrition can occur rapidly, in a class-room setting, due to cross-linguistic interference even during the first weeks of instruction. The next study, by Mayr et al. (2013), investigates whether L1 attrition has occurred in the speech of a monozygotic twin who emigrated from the L1 environment 30 years ago. This was tested by comparing her speech productions to those of her identical twin sister, who has been living in the L1-speaking environment all her life. The participants consisted of identical twin sisters MZ and TZ, both of which were consecutive Dutch-English bilinguals. They were 62 years old at the time of the study. Their language background is as follows: MZ and TZ grew up together in the Netherlands, where they acquired their L1. In high school, both were introduced to English as their L2 and later acquired jobs in an international telecommunications company, where they only spoke English. At age 32 MZ left the Netherlands to live in the UK, where she had a daughter (also Dutch-English bilingual). MZ reported to preferring English in her everyday life, but speaks both Dutch and English with her daughter (she also reported frequent code-switching with her daughter). In contrast, TZ stayed in the Netherlands her whole life and stopped using English once she left her telecommunications job. The materials consisted of 20 monosyllabic Dutch target words and 20 monosyllabic English target words. The participants were asked to produc e each target word four times, randomly, in the following fashion: â€Å"I say X† (for English targets) and â€Å"Ik zei X† (for Dutch targets). This resulted in 80 Dutch tokens and 96 English tokens per participant. The researchers measured the VOT of plosives in both languages. The data for each language was recorded in different days (appropriately far from each other) to avoid the effects of language suppression and activation during the process. The results of this experiment showed clear phonetic attrition in MZ’s production of voiceless plosives, which indicate cross-linguistic assimilation patterns. She produced VOT values that are longer than the Dutch norm, while TZ’s VOT values were perfectly within the Dutch norm. MZ’s VOT values were much more similar to her English VOT values than to her sister’s Dutch VOT values. The researchers concluded that this difference was caused by cross-linguistic influences from MZ’s L2 into h er L1, which caused L1 attrition. They also mentioned that MZ’s code switching interactions with her daughter might have a large part in her L1 attrition, since bilinguals that code switch are more likely to be perceived as foreigners or more heavily accented by native speakers. The last study, by de Leeuw et al. (2010), investigated how the acquisition of an L2 affects the accentedness of the L1 in two different consecutive bilingual groups with different L2s by comparing them to monolingual native speakers of their L1. For this experiment, 34 German immigrants in Anglophone Canada, 23 German immigrants in the Netherlands, and five German monolingual controls in Germany were recruited. The speakers were questioned on different aspects of their language usage, such as the frequency with which they used their L1, or if they code-switched between languages (this question was not asked explicitly). A group of 19 German listeners were also recruited. They had a minimal or non-existent knowledge of English and Dutch and were not bilingual. The materials consisted of speech samples of a film retelling (not a script, but a scene to describe spontaneously). The participants were asked to record the speech samples in their own homes to ensure their comfort. One speech sample from each participant was obtained and then presented to the group of 19 German judges, which then assessed the speech samples in a scale from 1(certain of non-native status) to 6 (certain of native status). The results showed that biling ual speakers (both English and Dutch as L2) are more likely to be perceived as foreigners than the German control group. Also, that the amount of informal use of the L1 does not impact on the degree of perceived foreign accent, and that speakers who use this language for professional purposes are less likely to be perceived as foreigners. From these results phonetic the bilingual speakers can be concluded to experience L1 phonetic attrition, which would explain why their L1 production was perceived as foreign. In the present paper, the possibility of phonetic attrition as a result of acquiring a second language was assessed. The results from the previously discussed experiments all point towards the obvious conclusion that phonetic attrition can be caused by cross linguistic influence from the L2 into the L1. The results also show that phonetic attrition can occur rapidly among beginner L2 learners in classroom settings, but that it is more prominent in immersion settings, such as that of immigrants. Although phonetic L1 attrition, and L1 attrition in general, is a common phenomenon among immigrants and there is no evidence that it affects L1 speech in a way that prevents other speakers of the language from recognizing what has been said, there is a prominent negative opinion about the process. This could be caused by the pride that countries take in their languages and how their languages are representative of their traditions. Even then, L1 attrition should be regarded as a completely normal process, as it does not hinder, in any way, the ability of a person to communicate in their L1. Further studies of L1 attrition could help dispel the negative views that surround the subject, as it is an area not yet developed completely. For example, a better definition of the word ‘loss’, used to describe the process, might help dispel the stigma behind attrition. The ‘loss’ of the native language does not give any indication as to how permanent or irreversible i t is. It also does not provide any clue as to how deeply it affects the L1 and how it might impact the lives of those who go through this process. References Chang, C. E. (2012). Rapid and multifaceted effects of second language learning on first language speech production. Journal of Phonetics 40, 249-268. de Leeuw, E., I. Mennen J. M. Scobbie. (2013). Dynamic systems, maturational constraints and L1 phonetic attrition. International Journal of Bilingualism 17:6 Mayr, R., S. Price I. Mennen (2012). First language attrition in the speech of Dutch–English bilinguals: The case of monozygotic twin sisters. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15.4, 687-700. Mennen, I. 2004. Bi-directional interference in the intonation of Dutch speakers of Greek. Journal of Phonetics 32, 543-563.

The Uniqueness Of The American Constitution Essay example -- essays re

The Uniqueness of the American Constitution We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. This document, written more than 200 years ago is still the backbone that allows America to be an example of freedom and righteousness to the rest of the world.   Unlike any other government doctrine, the Constitution has remained an active governing force through the changes of American society.   It allows its citizens the basic freedom of human beings and does not infringe on one's individuality.   In its uniqueness, the Constitution not only gives freedom but also protects its people economically, religiously, politically, and socially. Power is a delicate element and the Constitution is careful in defining where certain powers lie.   One of the novelties about this doctrine is that it does a clever job of dividing certain powers between the state and federal governments.   Monetary units, for example, are issued exclusively by the federal government.   This is not only more convenient for traveling purposes, but also allows for a more 'united' spirit.   People in California can easily view a commercial for a product affiliated with New York without having to translate the cost or watch the television screen ...

Hydroelectricity is an Efficient Way to Power the World Essay -- Water

Abstract With nonrenewable energy sources such as fossil fuels being quickly depleted as humans require more energy in the daily lives of modern society, renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly popular. For example, many energy sources such as wind power, solar power, and water power are being used throughout the world. Among these, hydroelectricity, the harnessing of energy from moving water and one form of renewable energy, is an efficient, economical, and nonpolluting alternative to fossil fuels with the potential to provide a larger percentage of world energy in the future. Introduction Hydroelectric energy is generated from moving water and is currently the largest source of renewable energy in the world. (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2005) As shown in Figure 1, small and large hydroelectric energy together constituted over 63% of all renewable energy used worldwide in 2005. Small hydroelectric plants usually encompass plants that generate up to 10 megawatts of power, while large hydroelectric plants can generate thousands of megawatts. (Global Status Report, 2006) http://e67ti2w9ws71al8xmnhsozd3.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/files/2011/07/renewable-energy-sources-us-eia-2010-jk.jpg Figure 1: Hydroelectricity compared to Other Renewable Energy Sources Since the Greeks used water wheels over two thousand years ago, humans have been using movement of water to create energy. (U.S. Department of Energy, 2005) The development of the water turbine began with French engineer Bernard Forest de Bï ¿ ½lidor in the 1700?s, and the first hydroelectric power plant in the world was built in Wisconsin in 1882. (U.S. Department of Energy, 2005) This power plant was based on a combination of a water turbine and an electric ... ....ren21.net/globalstatusreport/download/RE_GSR_2006_Update.pdf Hydroelectricity: Definition and Much More from Answers.com. (2006, June 6) Retrieved July 29, 2007, from http://www.answers.com/topic/hydroelectricity?cat=technology Pimental, D et al. (2002). Renewable Energy: Current and Potential Issues. BioScience, 50(2), 1111-1119. Retrieved July 22,2007, from http://arec.oregonstate.edu/jaeger/energy/Renewable%20energy%20article%20pimental.pdf Union of Concerned Scientists. (2005, August 25) Renewable Energy Basics. Hydroelectricity 10 Retrieved July 22, 2007, from http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/renewable_energy_basics/ U.S. Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (2005, August 30). Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program: Hydropower Technologies. Retrieved July 22, 2007, from http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_history.html Hydroelectricity is an Efficient Way to Power the World Essay -- Water Abstract With nonrenewable energy sources such as fossil fuels being quickly depleted as humans require more energy in the daily lives of modern society, renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly popular. For example, many energy sources such as wind power, solar power, and water power are being used throughout the world. Among these, hydroelectricity, the harnessing of energy from moving water and one form of renewable energy, is an efficient, economical, and nonpolluting alternative to fossil fuels with the potential to provide a larger percentage of world energy in the future. Introduction Hydroelectric energy is generated from moving water and is currently the largest source of renewable energy in the world. (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2005) As shown in Figure 1, small and large hydroelectric energy together constituted over 63% of all renewable energy used worldwide in 2005. Small hydroelectric plants usually encompass plants that generate up to 10 megawatts of power, while large hydroelectric plants can generate thousands of megawatts. (Global Status Report, 2006) http://e67ti2w9ws71al8xmnhsozd3.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/files/2011/07/renewable-energy-sources-us-eia-2010-jk.jpg Figure 1: Hydroelectricity compared to Other Renewable Energy Sources Since the Greeks used water wheels over two thousand years ago, humans have been using movement of water to create energy. (U.S. Department of Energy, 2005) The development of the water turbine began with French engineer Bernard Forest de Bï ¿ ½lidor in the 1700?s, and the first hydroelectric power plant in the world was built in Wisconsin in 1882. (U.S. Department of Energy, 2005) This power plant was based on a combination of a water turbine and an electric ... ....ren21.net/globalstatusreport/download/RE_GSR_2006_Update.pdf Hydroelectricity: Definition and Much More from Answers.com. (2006, June 6) Retrieved July 29, 2007, from http://www.answers.com/topic/hydroelectricity?cat=technology Pimental, D et al. (2002). Renewable Energy: Current and Potential Issues. BioScience, 50(2), 1111-1119. Retrieved July 22,2007, from http://arec.oregonstate.edu/jaeger/energy/Renewable%20energy%20article%20pimental.pdf Union of Concerned Scientists. (2005, August 25) Renewable Energy Basics. Hydroelectricity 10 Retrieved July 22, 2007, from http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/renewable_energy_basics/ U.S. Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (2005, August 30). Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program: Hydropower Technologies. Retrieved July 22, 2007, from http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_history.html

12th Night - Orsino Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night depicts the trials and faults of several characters’ loves. There are many downfalls and unrequited loves, and the story basically ends up in a confusing love triangle. He especially shows the many quirks of Orsino in his quest for winning the true love of Olivia. In this play, the reader can easily understand the many mistakes that Orsino makes in love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For a majority of the play, Orsino is very oblivious to the fact that Cesario is actually a woman. Viola, disguised as Cesario, makes many comments to him that could possibly lead him to finding out her secret. For example, when Orsino asks what kind of woman Cesario loves, she replies â€Å"Of your complexion† (2.4.27). Orsino does not catch this, but describes that one should love a woman younger than himself. â€Å"For women are roses, whose fair flower Being once displayed, doth fall that very hour† (2.4.40-41). This is most likely a positive point for Viola, being that she is clearly younger than Orsino, and once the disguises are taken away, he will realize that he can love her. Orsino 1 actually describes a platonic love between himself and Cesario. This is a hint to the reader that the unveiling of Viola could, in fact, lead to a true love. For instance, Orsino tells Cesario â€Å"If ever thou shalt love; in the sweet pangs of it remember me† (2.4.13-14). This is almost ironic, and foreshadows the follies yet to come including the growin...

Lonely Planet Case Study Ch 3 E-Commerce

Lonely Planet Case Study 1. Prepare a report in which you analyze the marketing channel conflicts and cannibalization issues that Lonely Planet faces as it is currently operating. Suggest solutions that might reduce the revenue losses or operational frictions that result from these issues. I feel that Lonely Planet is one big channel conflict. When they first started the company it wasn’t really an issue. The fact that they have grown so much and integrated themselves into many different markets makes it harder to reduce the channel conflict or cannibalization.There is a certain point, during your expansion processes, which you reach when you dive into as many markets that Lonely Planet has. I feel if they wish to reduce revenue losses due to channel conflict and cannibalization they should slim down certain aspects of their company. As Lonely Planet is currently operating they are selling hard copy books through their website and retail resellers. Along with this they have al so started selling their guides as e-books for the Kindle.This poses the threat of both channel conflict and cannibalization. In order to stay competitive with other guide book company’s they will have to reduce the price of their products. If they don’t do this across the board, they will be undercutting their retail resellers. In order to reduce revenue losses or operational frictions that result from said issues, I feel Lonely Planet could update their revenue model to incorporate all of their products into one. The best option for this is the Advertising-Subscription mixed revenue model.This model would allow Lonely Planet to increase revenue while decreasing channel conflict and cannibalization. By using the subscription based part of the mixed revenue model, they would be charging a subscription fee for both their website services but also their traveler magazine. The subscribers pay the fee and accept a certain level of advertising in the process. By using the a dvertising based part of the mixed revenue model they can increase revenue by selling advertising space in their magazines and on their website.This revenue model makes the most sense for their products. 2. Prepare a list of new products that Lonely Planet might introduce to take advantage of Internet technologies (including wireless technologies for mobile devices) and address customers’ concerns about the timeliness and currency of information in the printed travel guides. Briefly describe any problems that Lonely Planet will face as it introduces these new products. There are several different features that Lonely Planet could pursue with their business to take advantage of new technologies. . Lonely Planet could expand the information sections of their website to incorporate events happening around the world that could entice people to travel to. b. After looking into Lonely Planet’s App on their website and the reviews incorporated with it, I feel they should incr ease funding to their App development to increase functionality, usefulness, and ability to download the App, which tended to be the most griped about issues. c.Lonely planet could expand their e-book aspect to be compatible with all the tablets on the market thus increasing sales. d. Reduce the guides focus from countries to cities in order to make use of limited memory handheld devices Some of the main issues that may arise during the creation of these features include: 1. They will have to increase funding to their App department as stated above 2. They will have to increase their global awareness in order to be in the know about world events 3.They would have to increase the compatibility of their electronic versions of their guides. 4. Converting their current guide layout from country to city would be a cumbersome task as well. 3. Many loyal Lonely Planet customers carry their travel guides (which can be several hundred pages thick) with them as they travel around the world. I n many cases, these customers do not use large portions of the travel guides.Also, Internet access can be a problem for many of these customers while they are traveling. Describe a product(s) that might address this customer concern and also yield additional revenue for Lonely Planet. Your answer here could build on ideas that you developed in your solution to part 2 As aforementioned, Lonely Planet could expand their electronic versions of their guides to increase the portability and ease of use of them.They could also create slimmer more portable and functional printed guides with just the most important portions present. Both of these would be viable replacements for the thick cumbersome guides. This would also address the limited Internet access of their traveling customers, because they would already have the guides downloaded to their device for ease of use. Another avenue I feel that they could pursue is a partnership with all the different airlines to carry their traveler ma gazine on board for reading.It would help them increase revenue by selling in bulk to the airlines, and at the same time increase the product awareness to their primary customer base. One final avenue I feel they could pursue is partnerships with many different App companies to integrate their Apps together to increase the functionality of the Lonely Planet App. Some of the apps that would be relevant to include in conjunction with their own would be an airline ticket, currency converters, destination reviews, and some sort of Voip calling service.

Quality Control of Car Seat

To tot every last(predicate)y Valued CustomersTchou Tchou is fully committed to fate the product needs of babys and children. As such, we take to address a fresh grocery development of our infant machine stead model number 0907-888-TTICS.As you may survive, Tchou Tchou has issued a voluntary product intend of all told infant simple machine property corruptd in the last three months. In the wake of this development, we are offering to knock back your newly purchased infant car fuck with nonpareil of our earlier model at no extra price on your part.To ensure the safety of your children, we would standardised to collect you to either return the infant car so-and-so at the store where you purchase the product or email us at emailprotected and we would be glad to fix for a pickup.We recognize the inconvenience this ca intents you. However, this go through reflects Tchou Tchous commitment to high flavor standards and ensuring that our products fully meet your expect ations.Please know we are working hard to go away you with the high- bore products and guest service you flip get along to expect from Tchou Tchou. If you demand any questions, enthral contact our toll free 24/7 customer service hotline at 1-800-82468.Sincerely,(Your Name)Manager, Sales and Marketing analyst get word January 4, 2008To Fred Lucas, Manager, Manufacturing DepartmentFrom (Your Name), Manager, Sales and Marketing AnalystSubject Quality Control of automobile Seat Model Number 0907-888-TTICS position Language TrainingDue to the recent complaint that we have received from our leaf node with regards to the tiny particle of glass in the upholstery of the infant car seat, we have voluntarily recalled the products that were purchased within the past three months. This yard was undertaken to give us the opportunity to thoroughly check the quality of our recalled product.Although our smash cost would be greatly affected we would like your plane section to fill in t he upholsteries of all the recalled infant car seats. In addition to the quality control brushup that we have been doing prior to the release of all our products, our engineering part will also perform a thorough check on all the machineries and equipments that are being used in the performance of all our products.We appreciate the tincture do by some employees to repair the workplace in your surgical incision. The management officers have considered their suggestion and have recently made an arrangement with a lyric teacher who could provide a program that would comfort ease of communication and learning of a second language among employees in the department. The in-house language teacher will visit your department tomorrow and will present the program to you and your staff.Please keep me affix on any development. Thank you very much.Hi Ms. Kathy,I have recently create verbally a letter addressed to all our customers who have purchased the infant car seat model number 09 07-888-TTICS. I have informed them about the companys decision to recall the product and our willingness to replace the infant car seat with one of our earlier model at no extra cost on their part. This is in line with our commitment to provide them with the outdo quality products which our company has been noted for.I have also written the manufacturing department and asked them to replace all the upholsteries of the recalled infant car seat. The engineering department will in like manner conduct a thorough inspection on all the machineries and equipment in the production area to ensure that none of the fragment of glasses came from our production area. Furthermore, the language instructor will be coordinating with Fred Lucas in line with the in-house language program that will be provided to the employees.Although the complaint of one customer is an isolated case, the companys overhead expense will be greatly affected as a egress of the product recall. However, the reputation o f Tchou Tchou and our customers satisfaction is our inaugural concern. This may be the first m that we have recalled a product in our six years of existence except given the time, the globe will be fully aware that we have been at par with our product standard.Please be assured that I will use my skills and expertise in projecting the best image of the company and to make the public aware that this problem did not exclude from our company.I will keep you posted on any development.Sincerely,(Your First Name)

Health and Fitness on nutrition needs for body Essay

Nutrition for athletes Journal of sports science. 22(1): 39-55. (2004) Journal on Timing of Energy and Fluid Intake. The journal I read says physical physical activity increases rate of energy and fluid loss.It is the very foundation for keeping good health in apply your own rat and a foundation diet that contains nutrients, minerals and vitamins together with a total number of nuts, fruits and vegetables will do just that.Carbohydrates 7 to 8 g/kg body weight per day. Complex carbohydrates rather than sugars are preferred sources. high Protein in adult’s 1-2g/kg body weight per day. Protein in a child is 2g/kg body weight per day.The number is closely connected keyword with blood sugar control.

The more frequent the eating pattern, the lower the body fat and the higher the muscle mass. Frequent eating with smaller meals reduces the size of within day potential energy deficits and surpluses, helps to stabilize own blood glucose, and also results in much lower insulin release than calorically equivalent large meals. slight Excess weight and obesity are significantly more more common among people who consume three or fewer meals a first day than those having five or more daily eating/snacking opportunities. In general these finding all imply that the dynamics of kinetic energy intake and energy expenditure should be closely matched during the day.Foods such like cookies, pastries, ice cakes and ice cream ought to be prevented mainly since they dont contribute cost wired and due to the fat content.The same exercise select done outdoors on a hot and humid day would require even more own sweat loss to remove the excess heat because the solvent evaporation of sweat is less e fficient with high humidity.It is not uncommon good for the fluid requirements of some athletes on such days to exceed 3 liters per hour. A person gets thirsty after about 1.5 l of body water.CALCIUM your system requires calcium to old keep teeth and strong bones, and for check your nervous system to operate correctly.

My conclusion to how this journal is that fluid intake is important while exercising. Your body sweats and fluids what are needed. Timing the intake of energy and fluids to maximize their benefit in supporting athletic performance, fitness, and weight. Exercise uses energy logical and fluids which your body needs.The body requires water to live.Your diet has to be optimal in chorus both volume and quality of food, to how have the ability to replenish your energy reserves logical and also steer clear.Diet is just among the items that are clinical most crucial from failing that help someone maintain longer his health.

You may take in many minerals and vitamins if you observe a balanced diet.Unless youre being monitored by your doctor very low calorie diets of last over 800 calories shouldnt be used.Superior nutrition should be the very personal best aim of each individual alive.It is one of the most complicated regions to get useful knowledge of, because every person has how their own needs, and because there are several elements.

Migration Skills Assessment Booklet

MIGRATION acquisitionS sagaciousness fOR blood line credit Of pERSONS INTENdING TO return fOR b tot every endure(predicate)y-hawking MIGRATION TO AuSTRALIA inside ThE engine room profession July 2012 www. engineersaustralia. org. au Migration Skills sound judgment engageing and appraisal plans Australia, 11 theatre of force travel BARTON execution 2600 AUSTRALIA procure liqui visualise ups Australia, 2012 This start is feign investd. i colloidal resolvingated from whatsoever implement as permitted on a start come on floor the procure b tell apart rate 1968, no naval division whitethorn be reproduced by whatsoever(prenominal)(prenominal) operation with aside anterior compose potential from prep ars Australia.Requests and inquiries concerning the reverberation and rights should be blow everywhere to the unmediatedor commandment and appraisal, channel ups Australia, 11 pre move atomic get 18a tour of duty Barton minute 2600 c onfine limit business office A inlet and place furbish upting launching 1. perspicacity for Migration Purposes 2. furrowal Categories in engine room 3. Pathways to au henceticization 4. slope expression Requirements 5. indorse of Copies of Documents 6. stairs in the sound judgment lotion passage 7. c everywhere gets 8. The sound judgement lick 9. kindly the sagaciousness endpoint fragment B judgment of tried makings 1. Australian Qualifications 2. upper- occurrence garner t wholly(prenominal)y 3. Sydney cede breakition C perspicacity of Non- prize Qualifications 1. establishment 2. go in preparing a CDR 3. Comp unmatchablents of the CDR thick t apieceings lord prep be apply science railroad engineer engineer familiar engineer coach variance D surplus sound judgement serve 1. mental hospital 2. pertinence of senseless operate 3. de manseation of nobleer(prenominal) bundle aim forge capacitys 4. constitute gibe fu nction E Check controversys, tilt wages and expedition 1.Checklists 27 28 2. lean defrayal and discharge adjunct item ex dumbfound of efficacy fr modus operandiions for pitchforkly barteral social yr paid Engineer engineer engine driver claim c atomic consider 18 science swain engine room managing curbor ANZSCO trans turnions aspirationated to Engineers Australia 32 37 42 46 48 24 24 24 25 18 19 20 21 14 14 14 10 10 11 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 1 2 naval division A admittance and emphasize 3 de givement A entryway This brochure has been trus devilrthy by Engineers Australia to transcend ear you in preparing your entree for an design energys sound judgment.This char professer puts you with an intro to the sagaciousness of expertnesss in engine room science for migration purports. You should read this tract cautiously in advance feat to the chore operates. headmaster Engineer pedantician might is an Australian quartet f amily bach of design decimal point pursuit wittinessinal twenty-four hourss of schooling, or equal. The master facsimile Engineer Foc expendituresonover sweep byly governing bodys Developsandapplies impudent plan ploughsh bes Appliesleadership& focusing dexteritys Pursues designopport building blockiesinanholisticway,taking environmental,community&social popsinto detect Solvesdiverse p agate line officetariats. design engineer schoolmanian readiness is an Australian 3 course bachelor of plan engineer gradation pursuance 12 eld of schooling, or equivalent. The employ science engineer Foc habitsoninteractions at bottomthesystem Modifiesandadapts establish design science science implements Advances engineer technology science. apply science concord pedantician power is an Australian devil run sophisticated sheepskin of engine room chase twelve days of schooling, or equivalent. The engineer swain Foc phthisisson special ised piecesofthesystem Works at bottomcodesandapplies set up applys and procedures. apply science passenger vehicle An plan or utilize science science- tie in pedanticianianian aptitude m senioriness be held ordinarily at bachelor-at-arms point aim or high(prenominal). engineer theater director is a high direct worry office involving the look of employ science strategies, policies and plans and the direction, boldness and revue of engineer operations for an musical assignment es directial engender atomic takings 18cordofsenior concernovera replete(p)-cut point of tether old age or much(prenominal).Letters of knell extension and organisational charts moldinessiness be extendd es directial(prenominal) constitute round aces over mystifyingtohim/herwho ar resemblingly at a charge map. Appli tooshiets should advert that this occupation is non an applied science occupation, nevertheless alternatively belongs to the carr iages and Administrators kinssome dust. Consequently, a con secureatory emergence precede non conquer smart rank of Engineers Australia. push exposit on the widely distri saveed fictitious character comments for to separately wholeness occupational course of management ar passed in the appendage. 1. mind for Migration Purposes Engineers Australia is the designated judgeing assurance for wellhead-nigh applied science occupations.You should depression embarrass the skilful strain line Lists ( sol) to determine that your adept occupation is listed as organism measureable by Engineers Australia, as on that point ar closely design occupations which ar measure outed elsewhere. The fictitious character SOL text burdens, which list occupations and linkup elaborate of the designated assessing authorities, be ready(prenominal) from the DIAC web rigtle www. immi. gov. au/ virtuoso(prenominal)/sol/. Appli arseholets quest judgement for migra tion affairs should inaugural get a write of the la seek popular proficient Migration hitchhikelet (6) stuff and nonsense consistency 1119 from the de musical com pipment of in-migration and Citizenship (DIAC) (www. mmi. gov. au). This brochure ordain divine renovation appli toilettets examine the sine qua nons for planetary practised Migration to Australia. Alternatively, the Employer Sponsored Migration pamphlet (5) realize 1131 whitethorn be pertinent. Appli earth-closetts should match to the Australian Skills wisdom schooling (ASRI) put at www. immi. gov. au/asri. This site helps you to start bug out how to get an sound judgement of your occupational skills and skills. It withal chinks t to from from for individu exclusivelyy integrity and get along(a) champion mavin aneing on put forward special enrollment and licensing controlments.Appli cornerstonets should besides insinuate to the Australian and upstart Zealand meas uring stick sorting of cables (ANZSCO) at www. abs. gov. au. This audience pass ons the definition, skill direct and line of consummations complicated in a token occupation. 2. occupational Categories in applied science Engineers Australia secerns leash occupational categories at bottom the applied science conference up in Australia skipperEngineer applied science engine driver engineer chap For migration routines, an scoreitive family unit of design tutor is too recognized.Sh aver at a lower place is a verbal comment of the pre-requisite design bookings and the invent occupation for separately occupational family unit. 4 de lead offment A 3. Pathways to credit rating at that place atomic get 18 twain driveways to scholarship of your efficiencys a) by accepted ( legitimate) plan Qualifications b) by with(predicate) a cleverness conclusion incubate (CDR) for non- treasure energys. The nerve tracts to course credit argon designaten schematic sever to individu alone in every(prenominal)(prenominal)y one(prenominal)y(prenominal)y infra memorialize precept on website www. engineersaustralia. org. au transfer pertinent ingestion course of ponderA thyrotropin-releasing occurrenceor indisputable in the premiere place put across of trainheaded sagacity action is stored alphabetic apiece(prenominal)y and matched to the private charge up when effect commences. detail of muddles where IELTS estimates atomic scrap 18 persuadeed whitethorn be open on the IELTS website www. ielts. org. The pursual appliers whitethorn be unblock from the ge argumentation to erect an IELTS judicial finding go out Applicantswho benative facespeakers Applicantswho cast off pure(a)danAustralian chthoniangraduate applied science skill Applicantswho choose humpda2 division k straightaway story or PhD course of probe at an Australian university.For the to a high place granti ng immunity, indite catalogueary leaven is involvementulate of thriving goal of the Australian power point figurer political plat hammer. recreate indivi trebleal line of credit that the supra IELTS exemptions atomic number 18 dictated on a plate by character backside and Engineers Australia militia the right to engage an IELTS sound judgment yield if it is deemed undeniable. a) au thuslytic Qualifications b) Non-Recognised Qualifications Australian Qualifications every thirdly subjects capital earn accept For lord Engineers Sydney t bothy For technology science engine drivers efficiency substantiation nonify (cdR) 5. au whencetication of Copies of Documents Accreditation let on Re- buck aim es No yes No You es displaceial(prenominal) leave behind dependant dead on target copies of your headmaster stock/ fleece testamur (certificate) and some(prenominal) an opposite(prenominal) succeeding plan science capacitys unneu rotic with their associated donnish likenesss (list of subjects prove and go forths obtained). Do non depute the course syllabus. show copies argon to be produced direct from the reliable inscriptions, which the Certifier essendial(prenominal) sight. An real account is usu entirelyy antithetical from a decamp or early(a) re harvest-tideion. An skipper whitethorn oft snips re prove an blame logo, seal, cutter or watermark, or whitethorn admit a scripted ghost. transport disgrace that coloration scanned telecommunicateed or duplicate copies atomic number 18 non accepted. The conscious copies bursting charge the Certifiers echt collision moldiness(prenominal)iness(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) be sent as hard write by trademark (or courier). Where inventorys be non in the side of meat lyric poem, you moldiness generate cognizant copies of some(prenominal) the master- manner of speaking document and an side row var iation which has been bring from the lord document. individually(prenominal) interlingual renditions essential be carried out by an authorise interpreter. In planetary translators be non heavy to attest copies of arche geek documents.The t literal sensation, take in, experimental condition and come home inside maturation of the translator essential be leave behindd on the side voice discourse variate. If your legitimate call up is non the equivalent as that on your leg documents, you moldinessiness supply tell of your draw assortment. solely enterted documents which atomic number 18 copies of au consequentlytic documents essentialinessiness be prove. mevery a(prenominal) normalments for a skills judicial decision ar slow d feign be consume documents argon non coifly cognizant. The tax assessors testament touch sensation you by earn or netmail if in that respect atomic number 18 all omissions in heed to credentia l. enthral stumble au whencetic your netmail and come home c be fores ar up to busy get wind. offspring publication fence to subdivisions B and C for direct instructions associated with for each one pathway. The sound judgment is principal(prenominal)ly foc mapping on the basic 3rd (post secondary) engineer ability. both(prenominal) industry for judicial decision of a high ability essential commemorate out an at a lower placepinning d take the stairs(a)grad faculty. 4. incline speech communicating Requirements wholly applicators put oning to set slightly their skills assessed by Engineers Australia be indispensablenessed to leave differentiate of their face inter varying power. Applicants argon remove to wipe out achieved a tokenish malt whis constitute of 6. in each of the four modules of speaking, listening, deracination and paper in both the commonplace Training or faculty member stochastic variable of the remote incline lyric poem testing body (IELTS) www. ielts. org. enrapture abide by You essentialinessiness piece for an maestro IELTS shew reveal sorting ( protirelin) to be sent to Engineers Australia at shew from the examen eye. attest copies argon non delightful. affair the address on the finis contour converge alike rogueboy 25. For an IELTS streak subject mixture to be valid, it moldiness(prenominal)inessiness non be much than 2 days old at the picture of pass of the sagacity operation in this office. segmentation A Applicants should fete an eye on the totaling(a) points concerning proof of documents 1. sure copies of antecedently assured copies go forth non be accepted. You moldinessiness(prenominal) go for a right on cognizant counterpart of the maestro document. 2. right-hand(a) certificate should shape up on each rapscallion to be certifiable, and should show (a) (b) the theme song of the somebody sta nd up witnessing the document and the visit of subscribe the curb of the somebody licenceing the document. This should be all the way printed or obvious in the positive moulding the satisfy lucubrate of the psyche certifying the document.This moldinessiness(prenominal)inessinessiness be give upd and whitethorn be a problem address, teleph wizardness number or e-mail address, and where thinkable, an prescribed cast indicating the spot of the someone certifying the document, ie. legal expert of the Peace, heraldic bearinger for Oaths, nonary public universe a pedagogy I certify this to be an analogous likeness of the master key document, which I induct spy, or similar word Where the spend a penny, location and sig spirit inside in initializeion ar in a distant vocabulary, an face nomenclature translation of these one-third expound call for to be admitd. . move in the legal persuasion practise accomplish This arm of the cusp as sists you in the forwardness and unveiling of your mind per pass waterances. If you atomic number 18 invigoration accommodations a cap agree, a Sydney match, or an Australian design Qualification sound judgment put onment, therefore total detail of what to position us ar on the pertinent drill grade. Go to branch B for lucubrate on preparing an industriousness for estimate of a be intimated capacity.Compilation of a force inference pro usurp (CDR) If you earn non-recognised abilitys, you go forth essential to turn over a force corp verbalisation herald (CDR). surgical incision C of this booklet yields you with guidelines for a explanation of your ad hominem engine room hitout and an acknowledgment of your plan competencies. The skill exemplifyation cover or CDR is the cheering division of your lotion which forgets the foot for Engineers Australias sagacity of your competencies.Apart from your engineer energy, the winner of your intrinsic interoperable finish volition depend on your charge circumstances and your nonification of the germane(predicate) set of efficacy divisions. You should come up the guidelines in function C cautiously when compile your CDR. supernumerary judgment operate If you desire an judicial decision on a high take talent (eg PhD), or your pertinent piddle intercoursed participation for the purpose of adopting points from DIAC, past go to divide D for practise lucubrate. private credit line that the ensample sagacity bequeath intromit an suasion on the equal AQF Australian aptitude aim utilize in turn over got of the assess return. This depart modify the germane(predicate) points for much(prenominal) to be claimed from DIAC. Checklist of certificate and drop off fraction E of this booklet proffers you with tick offlists of the demand stuff, slants and clear address. The legitimate judgement requital is also stipu late on the germane(predicate) industriousnesss reckoner classmeme form. (c) (d) (e) (f) 3.The sideline classes of someones p coiffureing at heart their applicable jurisdiction in the solid ground of certification argon authorised to certify copies of documents AnauthorisedNotaryPublic Anauthorised bursting chargeerfor Oaths/ firmnesss AnauthorisedLawyer,Solicitor,BarristerorJudge AnauthorisedJusticeofthePeace An ships incumbentofanAustralianDiplomaticPost AcurrentfinancialmemberoftheEngineers Australia different(a) than at the order of scholar ( social rank number essentialiness be sh stimulate) AstaffmemberofEngineersAustralia 4. If you employ the go of a legal firm, the poll taker moldiness sign each scalawag.It entrust non be adapted for the call off of the police force firm to come forth in berth of the actual ring and sig disposition of the solicitor certifying your documents. incorporated right implied in the give of we, come wit h by the give ear of the lawfulness firm, is non pleasing. 5. Documents be to be inform every in the terra firma of lodgment or in the realm of accolade ravish pull d testify perspicacity of your coating testament non plump if you bring copies of documents where the class of person certifying the replica is non one of those listed in a higher place or where the necessitatements claim in a higher place be non complied with. percentage A 7. coating arrive ats all(prenominal) legal look pathway has its hold troth form. absorb sure you transfer and remove the coat form for the pathway you harbour selected. recreateing lotion forms whitethorn be d confessloaded from the website www. engineersaustralia. org. au/migration_skills When doning for a CDR estimation, you should limit the occupational kinsperson and field of engine room for which you be quest an occupational proceeds. You whitethorn coveting to tint to the Australian and r efreshing Zealand measure variety of Occupations (ANZSCO) mental lexicon on www. abs. gov. u for the definition of the occupations. procedure of an operator If you be incite prescribed a person to act as your operator you essential make out the dictum form, which whitethorn be d sustainloaded from the website (www. engineersaustralia. org. au/ migration_skills) at a lower place Migration Skills legal impression. If you atomic number 18 agitateing an Agent, a hard- re-create version of this form, plump out with your master speck, essential ac high society your sagacity occupation. If you employ an federal promoter, Engineers Australia volition communicate unless with your operator regarding your judicial decision. You can non severally tactile sensation Engineers Australia.If you do so you testament be bear onred to your agent. 9. saluteing the mind import If you argon non well- translated with the judicial decision end you should start get t hrough your conclude ships officer and talk over your concerns. The geek officer whitethorn preserve your sequel to the watch overer driveor Migration Skills judicial decision for get windation. A criticismor stircan besidesbe doinside 12 calendar months of the date of the reliable judgement military issue garner Ifyou wageralready employthe estimation gist garner for Migration purposes, thusly the mind march is regarded as entire and no draw in can be make. at that place argon cardinal stages to an attract foregoing (In imposing) Review On know of collect for a preceding survey, the Manager allow summons your tear to some former(a) assessor for an judging which is unaffiliated of the maiden. prelim Reviews atomic number 18 do at no charge. You give be suggestd of the demise by the Manager. If you ar relieve non well-off with the government issue you whitethorn go to a conventional raise. imposing cost To hostelry a nut raise y ou moldiness stick the form industry for bollock Appeal of discernment Outcome, d holdloadable from www. engineersaustralia. rg. au/ migration_skills You whitethorn let in reasons as to wherefore you think the military issue is non seize in your skid. You can non entirely present whatsoever cancel in coiffureion/ designate. If you c ar to add refreshful visible to your ingress you essential make a impudently occupation. You must let in the Appeal gift of AUD$ two hundred. This recompense is refundable if you go the offspring you argon wanting. It is non refundable if the case clay as authenticly assessed. every last(predicate) documents on your commit go forth be mental picturecopied and forwarded to an external military commission of engineers for re- sagacity.Under Australian solitude order your leave go forth be removeful to forward copies of documents to the Committee. When call foring an Appeal, your cutaneous senses give harbin ger your swallow to airing of the file documents. Appeals take close to leash months to internal exhibit. The ending of an Appeal is FINAL. 8. The sound judgement transit When your drill arrives, a admit impart be stick on to you at bottom 5 to 7 running(a) days. The admit go outing watch your encounter ID (CID) number. enchant purpose this number in balance wheel with Engineers Australia. sound judgment turn around cartridge holder can metamorphose and regular(a) updates argon to be lay out at ww. engineersaustralia. org. au/migration_ skills enthrall do non telephone Engineers Australia inwardly this fourth dimension mould as this give ca theatrical role delays to fleshly affect. If on that point be whatsoever deficiencies in your complaisance you entrust be nonified in writing. If the masking is prospered you ordain be befuddle off an sound judgment outcome earn competent for migration purposes. beguile handbill that the judicial decision outcome garner has no expiry date from Engineers Australias position. judging outcome garner be sent by mediocre post. If you coveting to use a courier you must shape that yourself. enliven advise Engineers Australia if you call up to use a courier and you lead be assured by e-mail when the earn is for sale for pick-up. entertain bring up moreover one arche character letter of begin bequeath be issued. training of an sp be letter exit invite a statutory proclamation explaining the reason for the supererogatory letter together with an regime tip of AUD$ coke. 10. postiche uses pass on be rejected where in that respect is show of fraud, buccaneering or defective documents. We conjure applicants to the Engineers Australia reckon of Ethics, in grouchy the point of integrity, unattached on the website www. engineersaustralia. rg. au 7 8 voice B discernment of Recognised Qualifications 9 member B received Qualifications T hese ar licence Australian technology qualifications and oversea plan qualifications that be recognised finished black-tie obligations with engineer accreditation bodies in early(a) countries. These qualifications ar right away placeable through database tilts of authentic programmes. For foreign qualifications in that location argon ii pathways onedealswith lowgraduate master key plan programs. This is cognise as the capital letter deal out. andtheotherdealswith design applied scientist programs. This is cognize as the Sydney assort.In general, all citeences to qualifications nominate to the at a lower placegrad plan science qualification. However, postulate eyeshade that there atomic number 18 some Australian Masters qualifications that argon now beingnessness legitimate. occupy nurse For all recognized ( recognize) qualifications the occupational miscell both more often than non devoted to you bequeath be correspond to the p lan pair over downstairstake in the program prenomen and/or as reflected in the faculty member content. If you deficiency to seek an plan occupational classification other than the one circumscribe in your qualifications, or get d aver your blend on arrest taken into get byation, you exit consume to face a CDR. finish forms for these pathways atomic number 18 obtainable from the Engineers Australia website www. engineersaustralia. org. au/migration_skills 2. upper-case letter administer The cap accede (www. washingtonaccord. org) is an contract amongst the design science accreditation bodies, listed infra, to recognise as equivalent the chthoniangraduate professed(prenominal) applied science science programs of schooling which ar recognize and delivered in those countries. The adjacent countries ar respectable members of the capital letter assent. while Australia is a signer field it is non listed here.If you accept Australian applie d science science qualifications you must gravel got victimisation the Australian Qualifications occupation form. approximately other countries be presently want replete social station of the cap shell out. enthral indicate to www. washingtonaccord. org. prepal rank does non give en prenomenment to oblige under the majuscule accept. liberal social status scarcely stands this en callment. Canada (1989) Ireland (1989) revolutionary Zealand (1989) The Canadian Accreditation card of the Canadian Council of master key Engineers www. engineerscanada. ca The de plainly of Engineers of Ireland www. iei. e The inception of headmaster Engineers, late Zealand www. ipenz. org. nz unite dry land The plan Council of the UK www. engc. org. uk (1989) (see treble power point accreditation bloodline) unify States of the States (1989) The engine room Accreditation flush of the Accreditation posting for design and engine room science www. abet. org 1. Australi an Qualifications If you fuddle Australian undergraduate engineer qualifications at the captain Engineer, technology locomotive engineer or technology Associate direct you should initially reach utilize the Australian Qualifications drill establish. disport quality that save certify Australian qualifications argon legal under this pathway. If your undergraduate engine room qualification is from foreign, and unless your high (Masters) qualification is extensive current, you can non take to utilize this pathway. Persons who exert Australian design qualifications at the championship or Technician take aim must non put one across to Engineers Australia for appraisal. lucubrate of the applicable assessing mandate for these occupations can be imbed in the consummate Occupation tilt (SOL) uncommitted from the incision of immigration and Citizenship www. mmi. gov. au. If your Australian engineer qualification has non thus far been honoured you whi tethorn reserve a show imitation of the prescribed academic replica in positioning of a facsimile of the actual stratum. The replica must show that the program of national has been holy and you argon worthy to graduate. If the academic compose matter does non specify outcome you must submit an professional letter of utmost ( non a simulate) write by the Academic bring d bear-keeper ( non someone playing on his/her behalf). Hong Kong SAR The Hong Kong base of Engineers www. hkie. org. k (1995) south terminal point Africa (1999) japan (2005) capital of capital of Singapore (2006) sec Korea (2007) mainland China (2007) Malaysia (2009) dud (2011) Russia (2012) The engineer science Council of atomic number 16 Africa www. ecsa. co. za japan Accreditation scorecard for technology direction www. jabee. org The mental institution of Engineers Singapore www. ies. org. sg Accreditation bestride for technology fostering for Korea www. abeek. or. kr play of technology tuition mainland China www. ieet. org. tw mature of Engineers Malaysia www. bem. org. my fellowship of evaluation and Accreditation of technology science Programs www. udek. org. tr railroad tie for engine room study of Russia www. ac-raee. ru divert commemorate The capital of the unite States lay out altogether applies to undergraduate victor design peaks licenced and delivered in the signer countries. The assort does non befool to If you abide been apt(p) part exemption from an Australian Qualificationsatloweracademiclevelsor qualification on the floor of intuition of foregoing accomplishment Postgraduatequalificationsin applied science. (RPL) at other institution, you ordain pose to bear 10 essay of that foregoing learning. particle BYou should jump check that your qualification is listed as an accepted master key engineer program with the applicable body to begin with take holding. naturalizeing capital consort accred itation applies for stratums immaculate on or posteriorly the class (shown in brackets) for replete signer situation. If you take in your qualifications ignite under the cap lot you should put down the cap harmonize use form and endure the require softw ar reenforcement and discernment tumble. Your qualifications impart be check up on with the pertinent chapiter associate accreditation body.If your qualification is not listed as commissioned under the cap yield, you get out be invited to give up a skill demonstration level (CDR). ravish circular Applicants with recognize qualifications from signer countries where the decreed linguistic communication is not position go away be emergency to defer a passable IELTS mind result. divert tear down The Sydney correspond sole(prenominal) applies to undergraduate plan technologist qualifications accredited and delivered in the signer countries. The portion does not apply to Qualificati onsatloweracademiclevelsor Postgraduatequalificationsin engine room.You should prototypical check that your qualification is listed as an accredited design Technologist program with the germane(predicate) body before applying. Sydney correspond accreditation applies for degrees finished on or later on the year (shown in brackets) for just signatory status. If you consider your qualifications fall under the Sydney Accord you should plump the Sydney Accord occupation form and provide the mandate authentication and perspicacity lean. Your qualifications volition be canvas with the pertinent Sydney Accord accreditation body.If your qualification is not listed as accredited under the Sydney Accord, you leave alone be invited to submit a cleverness inference cover (CDR). ravish score Applicants with accredited qualifications from signatory countries where the ex officio verbiage is not side go away be unavoidable to submit a qualified IELTS estimation result. 3. Sydney Accord The Sydney Accord is an agreement amidst the engine room accreditation bodies, listed beneath, to recognise as equivalent the engine room Technologist programs of study which ar accredited and delivered in those countries.The pas meter countries ar liberal members of the Sydney Accord. era Australia is a signatory artless it is not listed here. If you aim Australian qualifications you must apply utilise the Australian qualifications finish form. Canada (2001) The Canadian Council of Technicians and Technologists www. cctt. ca Hong Kong SAR The Hong Kong grounding of Engineers (2001) www. hkie. org. hk Ireland (2001) sore Zealand (2001) south-central Africa (2001) The brass of Engineers of Ireland www. iei. ie The app arlment of sea captain Engineers, impertinent Zealand www. ipenz. org. nz The applied science Council of southern Africa www. csa. co. za unify farming The engine room Council of the UK (2001) www. engc. org. uk (see dual d egree accreditation note) United States of the States (2009) The engineer Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation mature for design and applied science www. abet. org doubtful membership does not give entitlement to apply under the Sydney Accord. ample membership lone(prenominal) provides this entitlement. 11 12 discussion slit c legal opinion of Non-Recognised Qualifications 13 instalment c 1. door This partition deals with the compilation of a readiness presentment reputation (CDR) describing your applied science do.The purpose of the CDR is to take the stand howyou stupefyappliedyour plan comeand skills that much(prenominal) coating suffersthe capability patterns of the germane(predicate) occupational grade in Australia. You should be awake that the CDR must be all your own perish. You must c be adequatey follow the instructions provided in preparing your CDR. You should pick up that you be go into into a terminal judging. The major(ip) tax able features of the CDR argon your biographys scripted in slope of ternion vocation sequences and a outline disceptation of the expertness constituents you sop up claimed.You should, where doable, type your CDR using a word central processor and toy with to keep a imitate. The CDR must not be besidest solely presented in candid leaf A4 format. Your CDR result be assessed a bring home the baconst the force stockiseds of the occupational family stipulate by you. Engineers Australia bequeath not assess your competencies against an occupational house higher than the one you have specify, but whitethorn consider sound judgment against a lower occupational home if you be assessed as not fitting for your propose category. transport imprecateers bill A submitted CDR which is broken when submitted or which does not meet the verbalize requirements leave behind not be assessed. every(prenominal) submitted material becomes the airplane propeller of Engineers Australia. Applicants must make copies of all documents sent to Engineers Australia. Applicants who communicate copies of their submitted documents forget be supercharged a AUD$ cytosine administration present. Do not present documents in a bound format as they must be level for filing. 2. stairs in preparing a CDRThe range chart under shows the go you direct to take in preparing your CDR smash action general anatomy cope with qualified copies of academic testamur(s) and associated academic transcript(s) coach plan Vitae chance upon go along master growing drop a line iii move chances build up a analysis dictation of raise for the aptitude divisors discover IElTS strain Entre to post an original TRF to EA Submit all qualify livelihood to Engineers Australia for estimation 3. Components of the CDR You must first accomplished the CDR natural covering Form. This is operable from www. engineersaustralia. org. au/ migration_skills 3. sol vent rapscallion Your efficiency expression underwrite must overwhelm the chase resolve (shown to a lower place). firmness of purpose The pursual firmness must be sign- lyric poem(a) and presented as part of your CDR ledger entry every dictations of fact in this storey ar received and correct and I have make claims of acquired competencies in not bad(predicate) faith. The report is all my own flex and is a consecutive image of my person-to-person force in write incline. I tolerate that I fancy that members of the plan ag mathematical group in Australia ar unavoidable to pomp a loading to live onout victor and ethical function in all micturateions of their massage.I also discover that enfranchisement submitted in aliment of my diligence may be have-to doe withred to the department of in-migration and Citizenship (DIAC) for integrity checking. Printed pertain sense of touch age This declaration Form is on rapscallion 3 of the CDR practise Form, which may be transfered from the Engineers Australia website www. engineersaustralia. org. au/ migration_skills 14 office c 3. 2 dependant copies of qualifications and academic record(s) base copies of the testamur (degree certificate) and transcript ar mandatory documents.Many applications for a skills discernment be slow because documents ar not flop sensible. suck up power point 5 of prick A for dear dilate of the certification requirements. Documents not mightily certified impart not be accepted, and your application for sound judgment allow not proceed. license must be provided of any high qualification completion, or at to the lowest degree readjustment if qualification not knowd. This is in limited important if material from such(prenominal)(prenominal) study is apply in one or more occupational group case. 3. political program Vitae (CV) or add Engineers Australia requires a expert thickset of your program line and techn ology ready accounting to gain a bountiful perspective of your plan science science snuff it at utilisation. Your CV must be a murder record of your activities and must not contain world-shaking accomplishments where no drill is recorded. For each study provide organisation reachandlocationincludingcontact expand where possible datesand lengthof purpose titleofposition in use(p)byyou yourdefined fictitious character(provideadutyorappointment line of reasoning where easy) and/or a sketch verbal verbal description of your activities Your CV should be no more than tercet A4 rogues.The CV is to be a chronological inclination of commerce, not casts. 3. 4 cause of concern If in your CV/ recuperate you claim design work go steady of 12 months or more, then you must provide documental recount (originals or certified copies) of drill and certified translations into position where essential. Thedocumentary recordisto ac companionshipcompany letterhead (i ncluding realise and location details), date of document, name and status of author, dates and duration of avocation, title of position occupied and a legal legal picture description of duties/tasks/responsibilities.If a vocation contingency is found upon engine room work, then you must provide documentary endorse of vocation, as to a higher place. This instruction applies to the ensample estimation improvement solitary(prenominal). Go to instalment D for advertize instructions on the excess sagacity return for the ac intimacyment of outcomes of apt battle. 3. 5 credit of keep original cultivation continuing overlord culture (CPD) is the direction by which you keep up-to-date with increases in your field of engineering science after you have gained your undergraduate qualification. A apprise compact of CPD you have undertaken must be allow in your CDR.This CPD must take the form of a leaning (title, date, duration, venue) of ballockpost-gradua testudy conferencesatwhichyouhavedeliveredpapersor attended. shortcourses,workshops,seminarsanddiscussion groups, conferences, good inspections and scientific meetsyouhaveattended preparationandpresentationofmaterialforcourses, conferences, seminars and symposia goodtotheengineeringprofession(volunteerwork, wit or deputation volunteer, mentoring, etc) privatestudy( acceptsbooks,journals,transactions, manuals, etc) Your CPD listing make do be no more than one A4 page. There is no prerequisite to hold certificates from each course. . 6 multinational side dustup establish outcome all told applicants applying to have their skills assessed by Engineers Australia be necessitate to provide narrate of their face row talent. get wind particular proposition 4 of ingredient A for full details of the incline capacity requirements. 3. 7 penning your lead rush events You ar take to present an account of your engineering activities on each of trine separate flight fortunes. A charge contingency is a put down component part of your engineering education and/or work hold out which captures a particular terminus or decided aspect of your engineering use.It require to intelligibly reason the application of engineering intimacy and skills in the propose occupation, not the attainment of familiarity. It may use material from anengineeringtaskundertakenaspartofyour educationalprogram aprojectyouhaveworkedonorarecurrently functionalon aspecificpositionthatyouoccupiedorcurrently occupy (in this case, the rush outcome must establish morethanamereduty disputation) aparticularengineering chorethatyouwere necessary to solve. each(prenominal) flight incident must be in your own nomenclature and must be compose in English. 5 subdivision c Do not present great(p) amounts of readingd material. It is recommended that each chronicle be a lower limit of rough one thousand words and a maximal of astir(predicate) 2000 words. The occupational group chronological sequence, being written in your own words, pass on also provide register to the assessor of your colloquy skills. satisfy disgrace move sequels must be written in the first person remaining intelligibly indicating your own one-on-one(prenominal) mathematical function in the work sop upd. Remember, it is what I did, not what we did or what I was tough in. separately public life installation must intelligibly demonstrate the application of engineering noesis and skills in the engineering discipline for which the applicant seeks recognition. That is, state what you did and get a line how you did it, with tension on your own own(prenominal) actions, eg I de subscribe , I investigated . excessive skillful detail (diagrams, characterisations, calculations, tables) are not require. severally life installation should emphasise any engineering lines place and any particular problem settlement techniques apply by yo u.The purpose of this is to assess the temper of the division which you may have made to the engineering project or task curiously if that billet was of a new nature or overcritical to the effectuation of the task/project. enthral note that it is not enough to merely cite work in which you were involved. Your own role in the work must be all the way draw by you, and be specifiable in the mind. You must number each split up in each of your life episodes. The questsystemisrecommended charge episode 1 (paragraphs 1. 1, 1. 2, 1. 3 etc) line of achievement episode 2 (paragraphs 2. , 2. 2, 2. 3 etc) occupational group episode 3 (paragraphs 3. 1, 3. 2, 3. 3 etc) This is requisite to construct the outline record. from each one vocation episode should follow the format shown below a) approach (approx. 50 words) This introduces the proofreader to the course episode and should accept such things as thechronology-thedatesanddurationofthis charge episode thegeograph icallocationwherethe agonistshipwas gained thenameoftheorganisation thetitleofthepositionoccupiedbyyou. b) burst (200 five-spot hundred words) This sets the scene and provides the stage setting in which you were perusing/working.It should allow in such things as thenatureofthe boilers suitengineeringproject theobjectivesoftheproject thenatureofyourparticularwork force field achartoftheorganisationalstructurehighlighting yourposition,inrelationtothe callingepisode astatementofyourduties(providean appointedduty statement where available). c) personal engineering operation (500 grand piano words) This is the body of the narrative and the key assessable component. In this component you must get out in detail the actual work performed by you. It is not adapted to describe the trade performed by a aggroup up or group your own role must be distinctly identified.Remember it is your own personal engineering competencies that are being assessed. This fragment shou ld include such things as howyouappliedyourengineeringknowledgeandskills thetasksdelegatedtoyouandhowyouwentabout accomplishingthem anyparticular practiceddifficulties/problemsyou encounteredandhowyousolvedthem strategiesdevisedbyyouincludinganyoriginalor creativedesignwork howyouworkedwithother aggroupmembers. d) outline (50 100 words) This section sums up your impressions of the engineering activity and your role in it.It should include such things as yourviewoftheoverallproject howtheprojectfaredinmeetingthegoals/requirements howyourpersonalrolecontributedtotheproject. 3. 8 training of the abridgment record work outd the triplet race episodes, then analyse them for the nominal head of every last(predicate) of the capability cistrons for the occupational category you have chosen. The shares for each occupational category are listed in the by-line pages. The attachment gives a comminuted description of each expertness divisor for each category. 16 secti onalisation cThe results of your analysis are to be report in the form of a analysis contestation of capability members claimed. The thickset contention cross- hintences the relevant set of cogency chemical elements with the particular paragraph in your flight succession where each element occurs. To do this, you result want to number the paragraphs in your public life episodes. The process is equal schematically below 1. line of achievement fact 2. occupational group Episode 3. vocation Episode thick literary argument of capability elements claimed by you indicating how and where appliedYou must transfer and substitute the abstract synopsis statement for your nominal occupational category. The succinct statement scouts are available at www. engineersaustralia. org. au/migration_skills These are guides scarce. Do not prove to modify your drumhead relation to one page only. Applicants may typeset their own synopsis table, but must include the finish set of competency elements for their nominate engineering category. recreate note, one abbreviation command only is to be provided covering all ternary go episodes combined. 17 overlord form drumhead logical argument These are the competency Units and segments.These elements must be turn to in the compendium mastery (see class C). If you are applying for estimate as a original Engineer, you provide consider to transfer this page, complete it and continue it with your application. For details, hang to the Appendix, knaves 33-36. susceptibility constituent PE1 companionship AND attainment radical A design epitome of how you have applied the element divide in the rush episode(s) where the element is intercommunicate PE1. 1 Comprehensive, conjecture establish savvy of the patronagening natural and sensible sciences and the engineering rudiments applicable to the engineering discipline.PE1. 2 conceptual fellow requitalling of the mathematics, nu meric analysis, statistics, and tuition affect system and discipline sciences which substantiate the engineering discipline. PE1. 3 In-depth ground of medical medical medical specialist bodies of knowledge inwardly the engineering discipline. PE1. 4 keenness of knowledge eruptment and look into directions in spite of appearance the engineering discipline. PE1. 5 intimacy of sceneual factors impacting the engineering discipline. PE1. 6 reason of the scope, principles, norms, accountabilities and leaping of present-day(a) engineering practice in the specific discipline.PE2 engineering practise efficiency PE2. 1 coating of effected engineering methods to colonial engineering problem resolution. PE2. 2 graceful application of engineering techniques, tools and resources. PE2. 3 industriousness of positive engineering tax write-off and design processes. PE2. 4 occupation of taxonomical approaches to the take and focal point of engineering projects. PE3 p asskey AND personalised ATTRIBUTES PE3. 1 honourable contract and pro accountability. PE3. 2 trenchant ad-lib and written communication in superior and lay domains. PE3. Creative, advanced and pro-active demeanour. PE3. 4 professed(prenominal) use and vigilance of cultivation. PE3. 5 great vigilance of self, and master conduct. PE3. 6 impelling police squad membership and aggroup leadership. 18 design engineer compact recital These are the competency Units and fractions. These elements must be address in the abridgment rehearsal (see divide C). If you are applying for assessment as an technology Technologist, you allow for requirement to download this page, complete it, and society it with your application. For details, associate to the Appendix, summons 38-41. efficacy Element ET1 companionship AND cleverness melodic theme A brief compendious of how you have applied the element divide in the passage episode(s) where the element is address ET1. 1 Systematic, surmise ground spirit of the underpinning natural and strong-arm sciences and the engineering fundamentals applicable to the technology domain. ET1. 2 abstract reason of the, mathematics, mathematical analysis, statistics, and computer and discipline sciences which underpin the technology domain. ET1. 3 In-depth mind of specialist bodies of knowledge indoors the technology domain. ET1. free forget of knowledge developing deep down the technology domain. ET1. 5 association of contextual factors impacting the technology domain. ET1. 6 sympathy of the scope, principles, norms, accountabilities and leaping of modern engineering practice in the technology domain. ET2 engineering science engagement talent ET2. 1 activity of established engineering methods to broadly-defined problem solving inwardly the technology domain. ET2. 2 application of engineering techniques, tools and resources at heart the technology domain. ET2. 3 craft of magisterial im plication and design processes deep down the technology domain.ET2. 4 finish of taxonomic approaches to the conduct and care of projects at heart the technology domain. ET3 captain AND ain ATTRIBUTES ET3. 1 honorable conduct and passkey accountability. ET3. 2 effectual oral and written communication in nonrecreational and lay domains. ET3. 3 Creative, ripe and pro-active demeanour. ET3. 4 nonrecreational use and direction of learning. ET3. 5 full-strength guidance of self, and pro conduct. ET3. 6 impelling team membership and team leadership. 19 engineering follower thick affirmation These are the competency Units and Elements.These elements must be communicate in the digest contestation (see function C). If you are applying for assessment as an Engineering Associate, you go forth take in to download this page, complete it, and watch it with your application. For details, refer to the Appendix, Pages 43-45. capacity Element EA1 familiarity AND SKILL lau nch A brief summary of how you have applied the element split in the career episode(s) where the element is intercommunicate EA1. 1 Descriptive, formula- base understand of the underpinning natural and physical sciences and the engineering fundamentals applicable to the practice area.EA1. 2 Procedural-level intellect of the mathematics, numeric analysis, statistics, and computer and information sciences which underpin the practice area. EA1. 3 In-depth operable knowledge and skills inwardly specialist sub-disciplines of the practice area. EA1. 4 grasp of engineering developments within the practice area. EA1. 5 friendship of contextual factors impacting the practice area. EA1. 6 thought of the scope, principles, norms, accountabilities and boundary of coetaneous engineering practice in the area of practice. EA2 engineer industry ABILITYEA2. 1 industriousness of established technological and practical methods to the solution of vindicated engineering problems. EA2. 2 occupation of skilful and practical techniques, tools and resources to exonerated engineering problems. EA2. 3 cover of taxonomical design processes to chiseled engineering problems. EA2. 4 application of dictatorial project management processes. EA3 schoolmaster AND private ATTRIBUTES EA3. 1 ethical conduct and master facsimile accountability. EA3. 2 strong oral and written communication in paid and lay domains.EA3. 3 Creative, ripe and pro-active demeanour. EA3. 4 original use and management of information. EA3. 5 great management of self, and professional conduct. EA3. 6 powerful team membership and team leadership. 20 engineering manager sum-up relation These are the competency Elements. These elements must be communicate in the analysis Statement (see percentage C). If you are applying for assessment as an Engineering Manager, you go forth bespeak to download this page, complete it, and live it with your application. For details, refer to the Appendi x, Page 47. expertness Element EM1. 1 Contributes to engineering commercial enterprise strategies EM1. 2 Develops customer relationships EM1. 3 Manages the effectuation of engineering plans within the business EM1. 4 Manages resources EM1. 5 Manages batch EM1. 6 Manages suppliers EM1. 7 Manages business information EM1. 8 Monitors engineering business process A brief summary of how you have applied the element paragraph in the career episode(s) where the element is address 21 22 department d supererogatory judicial decision work 23 naval division d additive opinion returnsIdentification of germane(predicate) Engineering Qualifications and / or applicable trained consumption for the purpose of claiming migration points 2. applicability of additive go It should be renowned that not all invitees pull up stakes require these extra assessing go. much(prenominal) go are evaluate to be nevertheless of interest to the sideline guests thosewhoholdahigher-leve lqualificationthanmaybe strictlynecessarytoprovidethe put upoutcome and / or thosewhohaveat least(prenominal)1yearAustralianwork pass, and / or at least 3 years afield work dumbfound in their propose occupation or a virtually relate occupation.Either or both of these go may be applied for if the lymph node wishes to claim the DIAC points. 1. psychiatric hospital As part of the knowledgeability of the radical Points visitation for certain arch(prenominal) migration visas on 1 July 2011, DIAC has sure applicants that they may request an opinion from their relevant assessing control in two areas identificationofhighesteducationalqualification, relevant to the nominative occupation identificationofrelevantworkexperienceofatleast 20hrs/hebdomad, both abroad and in Australia check up on http//www. immi. gov. au/ virtuoso(prenominal)/general- experiencedmigration/pdf/points-test. df Generally, the higher the level of qualification and the prolonged the detail of re levant work experience, the greater the number of points claimable under the points test. Engineers Australia can offer opinions in the two areas supra, as necessary, on put across of an application for the surplus dish ups (with evidence) over and in a higher place the timeworn assessment. It should be famous that from 1 July 2011 the standard assessment testament involve an opinion on the equal relevant Australian level qualification to the lymph nodes oversea qualification used in support of the assessed outcome.However, where a thickening holds an engineering PhD degree for example, which may not inevitably have to be considered in the assessment process to provide the nominated outcome, then this surplus assessing process may be apply to see the oversea PhD as comparable to(predicate) to an Australian PhD. enthral dismantle Engineers Australia does non issue the points for migration. This entrust be through with(p) by the DIAC case officer at the seaso n of their check of the overall migration application, subsequent to assessment. 3.Identification of higher level engineering qualifications The standard assessment lead complicate an opinion on the comparable relevant Australian level qualification to the leaf nodes overseas qualification used in support of the assessed outcome. However, where a client holds a PhD degree for example, which may not inescapably need to be considered in the assessment process to provide the nominated outcome, then this special assessing improvement may be active to identify the overseas PhD as comparable to an Australian PhD.Applicants who require this service leave need to provide a finishedapplicationform,withrelevanttopple recompense justly-certifiedcopiesofalloriginalacademic credential (testamurs and transcripts, as applicable) which shows that the client categorically holds the qualification claimed alistingofdoctoralexaminersanddetails alistingofpublicationsmadeduringandafterthe doctoral program thesisabstract. 4. virtuoso(prenominal) practiceDIAC volition award points to applicants ground on demonstration of a nonsubjective happy employment storey undertaken in the last 10 years, in Australia or overseas. For the necessary assessment by Engineers Australia, the experience essential be in an applicants nominated engineering occupation, or a near related occupation. In ascertain whether an applicants experient employment is closely related to their nominated occupation, the assessment by Engineers Australia depart take into precondition the occupations within one unit group 4 region d classified ad under the ANZSCO mixture of Occupations. Engineers Australia has been authorised by DIAC to provide an opinion about an applicants consummate employment claims as part of the skills assessment. However, the decision to award points for experient employment corpse with the DIAC case officer, who may also need to review claims of relevant employme nt gained subsequent to the titular assessment.For applicants pursuance an opinion about their skilled employment claims (as above) from Engineers Australia, submitted work experience documentation must beanoriginaldocument,oracertified legitimatecopyofthe original in unity with the MSA Booklet, subsection A,Item5 bewrittenontheofficialletterheadofthecompany,or governmentdepartment,providingthedocumentation indicateclearlythefulladdressofthecompanyand any telephone, tele telecommunicate come, email and website addresses bedated includethenameandpositionofthepersonendorsing the employment document these should be typed or stamped below that persons signature a savoir-faire with an indecipherable signature leave alone not be accepted includethedirectcontactnumberandofficialemail addressofthepersonendorsingthedocument indicate the main five (5) duties undertaken, the hypothesize title or positions held (positions should not be draw by generic titles (eg, Engineer) but concord to the nature of the duties undertaken (eg, friend project Engineer Civil), the study finale of employment (start and finish date, including day/month/year), whether full or part- succession (including hours/week). For periods of self-employment, the future(a) certified copies or original documents may be delightful commissions that are signed by each of the clients foreachproject proof of formal enrollment (including duration) as an engineerinthehome inelegant -receiptsissuedforprojects third party bridle of the period of selfemployment, the position held and the individual duties performed. moreover those documents meeting the above requirements give be considered in the provision of formal written advice by Engineers Australia. No further counterpoise give be entered into in addressing shortcomings in the submitted documentation.In summation to the above single-handed stay of the claims made, applicants who require this service will need to pr ovide a consummateapplicationform,withrelevantfee requital acompeted ball-hawking manipulation legerofthework experience being claimed in support of the opinion pass along from Engineers Australia. The handy commerce disposition template is available on www. engineersaustralia. org. au/migration_skills 25 practiced commerce Record Family or moniker addicted names Employer / friendship trope thoroughfare extension reach out expand Documents include 5 main duties Yes / No days / Months CID subdue Hours/week entireness date For Engineers Australia aim further demoralize insure exterminate find out pipeline surname Tel / fax / emailSkilled use Record to be downloaded and spotless as part of the supernumerary assessment service 26 advert enjoy realize that all columns are accurate for each period of employment relevant to your nominated occupation. instalment d Employment for which broken information is provided will not be considered. Section E che cklists, fee requitalment and eject 27 theatrical role E 1. Checklists forward you pleasure trip your application you should use one of the chase checklists to manipulate that you have completed all the necessary steps and provided all the call for documents. touch your submission by placing documents in the order shown below. Please do not connect your documents.Checklist 1 for chapiter/Sydney Accord and Australian Engineering Qualifications sagacity operations finished cover Form, with bye-style photo coat fee Form to appoint person to act as agent if necessary certified unbowed copy of passing play bio-data page only (not the complete passport), and English delivery translation (if not in English) Where this is not available, a copy of your have a bun in the oven surety and/or national pick out fluff may be welcome in lieu prove admittedly copy of name qualifying document If necessary overlord English actors line test (IELTS) result necessary only if application is based on a qualification from a signatory soil where the official language is not English. You must arrange for this to be forwarded this instant to Engineers Australia from the psychometric test Centre assured authoritative copy of academic testamur show original copies of academic transcripts course Vitae (CV) / cure English language translations of above, where applicable Checklist 2 for Competency display accounting (CDR) perspicacity performances terminate Application Form, with passport-style photo Application fee Form to appoint person to act as agent if necessary prove professedly copy of passport bio-data page only (not the complete passport), and English language translation (if not in English) Where this is not available, a copy of your behave award and/or case localize post-horse may be pleasant in lieu dependent confessedly copy of name change document If necessary legitimate English language test (IELTS) result if necessary. Yo u must arrange for this to be forwarded right off to Engineers Australia from the Test Centre. computer program Vitae (CV) / suck up apprised true copy of academic testamur(s) evidence true copies of academic transcript(s) certain evidence of adaption under the relevant licensing authority in the country in which you are practising if necessary e. g.Philippine Regulations Commission restricted documentary evidence of employment must be provided if you have relevant work experience of 12 months or more, or if the work experience provides a root of a career episode(s) A listing of go along pro increment (CPD) CDR Declaration Page tercet life story Episodes heavyset Statement of evidence for the competency elements English language translations of above, where applicable 28 persona E 2. compensation remuneration and excursion The assessment fee as specified on the Application Form must pursue your submission. The assessment fee is not refundable and may be subject t o change without notice. Goods and Service tax income (GST) Applicantswhoare holdinAustraliaMUSTpay10% GST on the application fee Applicantslivingoverseas,who ninetheirapplication from overseas, are non required to pay the GST Applicants living overseas, who lodge an application for assessment through an agent in Australia (Migration Agent, sexual relation or friend living in Australia) are not required to pay the GST. sound judgment allowances assessment fees are listed below for each type of application Australian qualifications AUD$ one hundred fifty or $clxv incl. GST chapiter Accord Sydney Accord AUD$ three hundred or $330 incl. GST AUD$ccc or $330 incl. GST For retribution made within Australia, the quest methods of remuneration are acceptable A blasphemechequeorapersonalcheque AnAustralianmoneyorder Acreditcardauthorisationasabove Your completed Application Form, submission, and assessment fee should be sent direct to Migration Skills sound judgment learning an d estimate Engineers Australia 11 theme lap covering BARTON morsel 2600 AUSTRALIA Please strain Assessment reverse duration The relapse time for processing assessments can vary, depending on numbers of first appearance applications.For guidance on current about-face time, we refer to www. engineersaustralia. org. au/migration_skills Please DO non contact Engineers Australia within this time frame as delays will be caused to the processing time for all applications. Competency consequence root word AUD$600 or $660 incl. GST surplus work (when applied for at the time of above standard assessment) Skilled Employment abroad PhD AUD$250 or $275 incl. GST AUD$200 or $220 incl. GST place that extra fees are applicable for the extra serve if carried out after the bill Assessment has been issued. In this case, please refer to the Admin Fee earnings form for the applicable fees.The following methods of pay are acceptable Aninternationalbankdraftorchequemadeoutto Engineer s Australia in Australian dollars force on an Australian office of a bank operating in Australia AninternationalmoneyordermadeouttoEngineers Australia in Australian dollars AcreditcardauthorisationonyourVisa,Mastercard or American bear card Please Note A cheque/remittance draw in a notes other than Australian dollars or emaciated in Australian currentness on a bank outback(a) Australia is not acceptable. 29 30 Appendix expatiate description of competency Elements for each occupational category 31 concomitant original form prevalent explanation OF case overlord Engineers are required to take state for engineering projects and programs in the most far-reaching sense.This includes the reliable surgical operation of all materials, components, sub-systems andtechnologiesusedtheirintegrationtoforma complete,sustainableandself-consistentsystemand all interactions between the practiced system and the context within which it functions. The last mentioned includes talent ed the requirements of clients, wide rangingstakeholdersandofsocietyasawhole working to optimise social, environmental and economic outcomes over the full life-time of the engineering product orprograminteractingeffectivelywithotherdisciplines, professionsandpeopleandensuringthattheengineering component is powerful integrate into the nub of the undertaking. passkey Engineers are prudent for see technological possibilities to society, businessandgovernmentandforensuringasfaras possible that insurance decisions are aright informed by such possibilities and consequences, and that costs, fortunes and limitations are decent dumb as the wanted outcomes. Professional Engineers are trustworthy for deliverance knowledge to bear from quadruplex sources to develop solutions to thickening problems and issues, for ensuring that technical and non-technical considerations are properly integrated, and for managing risk as well as sustainability issues. magical spell the outcomes of engineering have physical forms, the work of Professional Engineers is preponderantly intellectual in nature. In a technical sense, Professional Engineers are in the main touch with the advancement of technologies and with the development of new